Psalms 44

Verse 1. For them that shall be changed, that is For souls happily changed, by being converted to God; ( Challoner.) or it may allude to the variety of speakers here introduced. Bert.—Prot. leave shoshannim, which some translate, “on the lilies,” (Aquila. Saint Jerome) or “instruments of six strings.” Calmet.—The beloved, that is our Lord Jesus Christ. Challoner.—Hebrew “of loves;” or of the young women, friends of the bride, (yedidoth) who sung the Epithalamium, as we see in the 18th Idyl of Theocritus. The Jews formerly explained this psalm of the Messias, as well as all the Fathers after the apostles. Hebrews 1:8. Many passages cannot refer to Solomon’s marriage with the daughter of Pharao, though some might be referred to that event, as a figure of Christ’s union with his Church. Calmet.—The whole had better be understood of Christ, (Bert.) being intended for the instruction of all converts from paganism and schism. Worthington.

Verse 2. Uttered. Hebrew rachash, “boileth,” as one unable to contain himself. Bert.—Speak, or “dedicate,” dico, ( Bible.) though here it only means to speak. Calmet.—He addresses the object of his praise, instead of invoking the muses. Saint Jerome—Swiftly. I have not to meditate. Calmet.—The Holy Ghost moves my tongue, (2 Peter 1:21) as fast as my hands can write. Jeremiah 36:18 and 4 Esdras 14:39. Bible.—High mysteries, in honour of the great king, occupy my thoughts, and to him I refer this canticle. Worthington.

Verse 3. Beautiful. The corporal beauty of Christ may be problematical. Bible.—But justice is the truest beauty. Saint Augustine—All admired his eloquence, (Lu. 4:22 and John 7:46) and innumerable converts were made, by the preaching of his word. Saint Jerome—The young women here address the spouse.—Therefore, I say, (Rabbins) or “because” God hath chosen thee freely. Solomon was styled the beloved, (2 Kennicott. 12:25) and was highly favoured. Wisd. 8:20 and 3 Kennicott. 4:29. and so forth But this was only a figure of Jesus Christ, ( Calmet.) whose hypostatical union was an effect of gratuitous predestination, (Saint Augustine præd. xv.) though his other graces were merited. Saint John Chrysostom Sa. Calmet.—He was most excellent in all sorts of gifts. Worthington.

Verse 4. Mighty. (Potentissime) Erasmus (Apol. con. Sutor.) complains, that he could not learn, whether this was a noun or an adverb, without consulting the originals. Amama.

Verse 5. Reign. Devise, execute, and perfect the establishment of thy spiritual kingdom. Worthington.—Solomon was no warrior; but he only wanted enemies to be so. The sword of Christ is his word, (Hebrews 4:12) anger, (Revelation 19:15. Calmet.) or human nature. Saint Jerome—Some translate, “and ride,” because kings were mounted on chariots, and governed their people with the reins of justice, and so forth Robertson.—Justice. These titles are eagerly desired by monarchs; as martial prowess, clemency, and justice, ( Calmet.) render them objects of terror, and of love. Bible.—Christ conquered by his miracles, mildness, and so forth ( Calmet.) propagating the truth, and punishing the rebellious. Worthington. Psalms 2:8.

Verse 6. Fall. This seems to be placed too soon, in order to shew the rapidity of the conquest. Calmet.—“Thy arrows are sharp, shot into the hearts,” and so forth Bible.—Some explain in corde, (as the Hebrew Septuagint and so forth read) of the voluntary submission of those who had formerly been enemies of the Messias. Saint John Chrysostom and so forth—“Thy sharp arrows, the people subject to thee, shall fall into,” and so forth—Men are sometimes represented as arrows. Isaiah 49:2. Bert.

Verse 7. O God, Ο Θεος. The Septuagint thus mark the vocative case, (Psalms 138:17. Bible.) and it is clear, that the Messias is here styled God, (Hebrews 1:8) though some of the Jews would evade this proof by saying, “God is thy throne.” 1 Chronicles 29:23. Even Munster translates, O Deus, and the Jew Agesila, ω Θεε. Elohim is never addressed to any one by the prophets, but to the true God, (Bert.) and this title alludes to the judicial character of Christ, (Acts 10:42. Calmet.) of whose kingdom there shall be no end. Luke 1:33.—Calvin is very bold in asserting, that David spoke properly of Solomon, as if the apostle had applied the text to our Saviour only in the mystical sense; whereas many things cannot belong to the former, and the Chal. and Fathers expound this psalm of Christ and his Church.—Solomon did not persevere in wisdom, and his beauty was equalled by that of Absalom, and so forth Worthington.—Crellius and Grotius in vain attempted to weaken this proof of Christ’s divinity, as a Jew, who disputed with Origen, did. con. Cels. i. D. Bible.

Verse 8. God. Sym. Θεε. Theophyl.—Elohim is used in both places, ( Bible.) with a singular verb, as being spoken of the Deity. S. Iræn. iii. 6. Bossuet. D.—“O Elohim, thy Elohim,” ( Bible.) which implies more than one person in God. Bert.—Many king might be preferred to Solomon; but Christ was raised above all. Worthington.—Fellows. In consequence of the free gift of God, in uniting the human nature to the second person, the Messias advanced in glory; ( Bible.) or rather the prophet speaks of his subsequent merits, which entitled him to the greatest felicity.—The oil of gladness, alludes to the reward of his labours. Δια τουτο seems to require this sense, though the Hebrew may be rendered, “because.” Bert.—Either the cause or the effect may be meant. Menochius.—Solomon was chosen before many of his elder brothers; but Christ was anointed by the Holy Ghost. Acts 10:38. Calmet.

Verse 9. Perfume. Lit. “from thy garments, from the ivory houses, out of which they have delighted thee, (10) the daughters of kings, in thy honour.” They esteem it an honour to wait upon thee, and perfume thy robes, which are placed in chests of ivory, with odoriferous herbs. Bible.—The ancients admired such garments. Genesis 27:27. Amos 3:15.—They had been given, together with the ivory boxes, as a present to Solomon at his marriage, and might give him delight, ( Calmet.) as it was then deemed unpolite to refuse a present. Odys. Σ.—Stacte. Lit. “the drop” gutta, ( Bible.) distils from the myrrh, the wood of settim, (Numbers 24:6) and may denote aloes, but not the plant. Calmet.—Mortification and humility ( Worthington.) raise the soul on high. 2 Corinthians 2:16. Bible.—The blessed Virgin is here styled a house of ivory. The Church, and all who observe purity, may be considered as God’s temples. 1 Corinthians 3:17. Calmet.—The virtues of Christ are this precious perfume. Saint Augustine and so forth—Houses. Septuagint Βαρεις, a word which means “a tower.” Some have not understood this, and have rendered it, gravibus, “heavy,” (Saint Jerome ad Prin.) which others have improperly correct by gradibus, “steps.” Calmet.—Houbigant would change three words, and translate, “from ivory vessels, the vases of thy anointing.”

Verse 10–11. Clothing. Hebrew “in gold of Ophir.” Bible.—The Church is spotless. Ephesians 5:26. The attendants of this glorious queen, are the nations converted, or Christian virgins. They are not the maids of Pharao’s daughter, whose marriage was never commended. Bert.—House. Paganism, and the observances of the old law. Bert.—The Church, and every faithful soul, may be styled the daughter, as well as the spouse of Christ.

Verse 10–11. Clothing. Hebrew “in gold of Ophir.” Bible.—The Church is spotless. Ephesians 5:26. The attendants of this glorious queen, are the nations converted, or Christian virgins. They are not the maids of Pharao’s daughter, whose marriage was never commended. Bert.—House. Paganism, and the observances of the old law. Bert.—The Church, and every faithful soul, may be styled the daughter, as well as the spouse of Christ.

Verse 12. Lord. Hebrew adonaiic, “thy master,” and worship him, ( Bible.) like a dutiful wife. 1 Peter 3:6 and 3 Kennicott. 1:16.—God is not found in the Septuagint The title belongs to Jesus Christ, the spouse, who has been twice called God before. Calmet.

Verse 13. Daughters of Tyre; the city, with her dependant villages. Bossuet.—Tyre might send presents on this grand occasion, or might even pay tribute. 2 Chronicles 9:26. Calmet.—Idolatrous nations submitted to Christ. Bert.

Verse 14. Is within. Rom. Septuagint and so forth have “of Hesebon,” by mistake, for Esothen. Calmet.—Queens in the East, could not appear much abroad. Kimchi.—When they go out, they cannot be seen. The beauty of the Church consists in virtue, and in the grace of God. Calmet.—Borders. Charity influences the exterior works of piety, ( Tirinus.) and gives beauty to the ceremonies (S. Bas.) and decorations used by the Church, with such magnificence. Bible.

Verse 15. Neighbours. The Jews, as well as the Gentiles, shall embrace the faith. Calmet.—Virginity became honourable only after the coming of Christ. Saint John Chrysostom

Verse 16. Temple. Even virgins ( Bible.) out of the Church, cannot please the king. Saint Augustine Worthington.

Verse 17. Sons. Prot. “shall be thy children.” Bible.—This was the wish of those present. But it does not appear that the daughter of Pharao had any children, ( Calmet.) and thus it seems improbable, that she is here spoken of, as the psalmist foretells the establishment and glory (Bert.) of the Church, by means of the apostles, (Saint John Chrysostom) and their successors, who are made princes over all the world. Let those who are cut off acknowledge this, and come to the unity, that they may be introduced into the temple of the king. Saint Augustine Worthington.—Innumerable saints of all ranks, kings and emperors, acknowledge the Church for their mother, and submit to her. Calmet.

Verse 18. They. Hebrew Septuagint of Ald. and Comp. and the Greek Fathers, have “I will;” yet this is contrary to the Vat. and Alex. Septuagint (Bert.) and seems less accurate. Houbig.—The prophet was not to life for ever, so that the fame of the Church was to be spread by others. Bert.—Ever. There shall be pastors and faithful people to the end. Worthington.

The word translated “Lord” is “Adonai.”