Job 38

Verse 1. Then. Septuagint “After Eliu had ceased to speak.” Bible.—Lord. That is, an angel speaking in the name of the Lord. Challoner.—The name Jehova ( Bible.) here occurs, though it never does in the speeches; whence many have inferred that the Lord spoke in person; which argument, however, is not conclusive; and that this work was written after the apparition in the burning bush. Calmet.—The Hebrew edition would at least be given after that event.—Whirlwind, designed to strike the senses, ( Bible.) and to represent the distressed condition of Job. Pineda.—This awful appearance imposed silence upon all. Bible.—Some think that a time was allowed for reflection and repentance, before God passed sentence; but the Septuagint and so forth seem to suppose that the cause was decided as soon as Eliu had ended his discourse. Calmet.—God discusses the controversy, and gives sentence in favour of Job. Worthington.

Verse 2. Words. Many explain this as a condemnation ( Calmet.) of the last speaker, ( D.) who would otherwise pass without any reproach, ( Bible.) though he had spoken with less reserve than the rest. Calmet.—Pineda allows that this opinion is very plausible; but he thinks that Job himself is reprehended, not for any grievous offence, but for indiscreet expressions. Calmet. 41. The context also seem to require this, as Job take it to himself. Calmet. 39:33. Calmet.—The change of persons might rather imply the contrary: Who is this? Eliu. 3. Gird up thy loins. Job. Bible.—Can we admit that the devil got the victory; or, that God falsely declared that Job had spoken right? Calmet. 42. Houbigant.—Did not the latter maintain the truth with greatest zeal, while his friends certainly mixed unskilful words or inferences with sentences of the greatest consequence? His face I will accept, that your folly be not imputed to you; for you have not spoken right things before me, as my servant Job hath. Calmet. 42:8. Hebrew “Who is this that darkeneth counsel, by words without knowledge?” Prot. “Who is the who concealeth counsel from me, keeping words in his heart, and thinketh to hide from me?” Septuagint Eliu pretended to explain the counsels of God, and perhaps did not utter all that he had in his mind; but God condemns the very harbouring of thoughts, which are contrary to truth and justice. Bible.—Job’s friends laboured under great prejudices, and condemned him without cause, ( Calmet.) thinking that they were doing a service to God, like those who put the apostles to death, and persecuted Catholics on account of their religion. But this plea will not excuse them. Here one line suffices to refute the long harangue ( Bible.) of Eliu; (Saint Gregory Ven. Bede. Tirinus. and so forth) though we have observed, ( Bible.) some understand the words to be addressed to Job, as a rebuke for his too warm expressions. Saint John Chrysostom Saint Augustine and so forth Calmet.—The remainder of the discourse is designed for Job’s instruction. Bible.—Hoc (Eliu) despecto ad erudiendum Job verba vertuntur. Saint Gregory

Verse 3. Loins, like one about to engage in an arduous task, ( Bible.) or journey, ( Calmet.) to explore the ways of divine Providence. Bible.—Answer my reasons, if thou art able. Calmet.—Hebrew “make me know.” Bible.—Only the Creator hath perfect knowledge of all his works, as may appear by induction or example: 1. of inanimate; 2. of living things, verse 39. Worthington.

Verse 4. Foundations. The Hebrews placed the earth in the centre of the universe, resting upon nothing, (Calmet. 26:7 and 36:30) or upon itself. See Hesiod, Theog. 325. Calmet.—These questions seem intended to shew, that if God has created all things for man, he will not surely neglect to watch over him. Menochius.

Verse 5. Upon it. He speaks of the world as of a vast house, ( Calmet.) or palace, ( Menochius.) in which the Architect has shewn his art. Bible.

Verse 7. Sons. Septuagint “all my angels.” Hence it appears that the angels were among the first of God’s works, formed probably at the same time with the heavens, ( Calmet.) or light. Genesis 1:3. Bible.—The praise of the stars is figurative, ( Calmet.) as they tend to raise our hearts to God by their beauty, ( Bible.) whereas that of the angels is real. Calmet.

Verse 8. Shut. Hebrew also, ( Bible.) “facilitated the birth of the sea,” as a midwife. Grot. Calmet.—Forth. Septuagint “raged.” Bible.—God represents the waters ready to overwhelm all when first produced out of nothing, if he had not shut them up in the abyss, like a child in a cradle, or a wild beast in its den, verse 10. Calmet.

Verse 9. Mist. So Moses says darkness was on the face of the abyss. Obscurity covered it, as swaddling bands do a child’s body. Calmet.

Verse 10. Set. Prot. “brake up for it my decreed place.” Marg. “established my decree upon it;” ( Bible.) or, “I gave order to break it,” against the shore. Jeremiah 5:22. Amos 5:8.

Verse 12. Place. Thou art but as yesterday: where is thy power? Calmet.

Verse 13. And didst. Some explain Hebrew “that it (Aurora) might spread at once to the extremities of the earth. Then the wicked flee before it;” as they hate the light. Calmet. 34:26. John 3:20. Calmet.—Septuagint and Prot. may be understood in this sense. Bible.—Allusion may also be made to the shaking of a sieve, to separate the wheat from the chaff; (Amos 9:9. Luk. 22:31. Calmet.) or of a carpet, to clean it from the dust. D.—Did God ask thee to help him to exterminate the wicked? The short digression in these three verses, shews the punishment exercised on offenders. It is not contrary to the true spirit of poetry. Menochius.

Verse 14. Seal. Men, formed to the image of God, shall die; and others shall be place in their stead, ( Menochius.) with as much ease as an impression is made upon clay. Bible.—Garment. The body seems to be the clothing of the soul, and will be changed. Psalms 101:27. Menochius.—Chal. “their form will be changed to clay, and they shall resemble a tattered garment.” Hebrew “their seal shall be changed like clay,” and so forth All their glory shall perish. Calmet.—Septuagint “hast thou taken earth or clay, and formed a living creature, and endued it with speech on the earth?” Is man the workd of thy hands? Bible.

Verse 17. Doors? Septuagint “through fear; or have the porters of hell flown away at thy sight?” Bible.

Verse 19. Darkness. The poetical style of this book represents these things as real beings, in the same manner ( Calmet.) as the house, (verse 20) or palace of the sun, and so forth are described by the ancients. Bible.

Verse 23. War. Hail, and so forth are like the arrows of God. Jeremiah 10:13 and 50:25. Calmet.

Verse 24. Heat. Hebrew kadim, ( Bible.) the “east.” Septuagint “south wind.” Perhaps the east winds produced the same bad effects in Egypt, as the south wind did in Judea; ( Calmet.) or this noxious burning wind might proceed from the south-eastern point of both countries. Bible.

Verse 25. Noisy. Hebrew “for lightning, which accompanies thunder?” By these questions, respecting things which to man are impossible, and many inexplicable, God humbles ( Calmet.) the pride of the human heart. Bible.

Verse 26. Dwelleth. This shews the magnificence of God, ( Menochius.) at least. Bible.

Verse 31. Pleiades. The seven stars.—Arcturus. A bright star in the north. Challoner.—The same terms occur, and are explained, Calmet. 9:9. Bible.

Verse 32. Day-star. Hebrew mazzaroth, ( Bible.) corresponds with the “inner parts of the south;” (Calmet. 9:9) though some translate, “the signs of the zodiac, or the influences,” and so forth The antarctic constellations could not be seen in Idumea, while those of the north pole ( Calmet.) must appear to those who live on that side of the line, ( Bible.) as the perpetual sentinels of the sky.—Evening-star. Hebrew “Wilt thou make hayish and her daughters go to rest?” These indicate the arctic stars. Here two quite opposite stars are meant; ( Calmet.) though ( Bible.) with us the evening and morning star be the same, being so styled according as it appears after or before the sun. Menochius.—Prot. “Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth (Septuagint also retain the original term, Μαζουρωθ) in his season, or canst thou guide Arcturus, with his sons?” The former term signifies things “scattered,” the planets, ( Bible.) or “the grains of gross air dispersed” to all the extremities, which returning to the centre, occasion cold. Calmet. 37:9. Parkhurst.

Verse 33. Reason. Hebrew “dominion,” ( Bible.) or influence upon the earth. Mathematicians thought they had discovered these laws, and the number of the stars; but daily experience evinces their error. Menochius.

Verse 34. Voice, to mimic the thunder of God, ( Calmet.) or to order it to rain. Bible.

Verse 36. Understanding. That is, to distinguish the hours of the night. Challoner.—Septuagint “Who gave to women the knowledge of the loom, and the art of embroidering?” Bible.—It was the part of women to weave, as appears from the conduct of queen Penelope. But the best interpreters translate, “Who has placed wisdom in the reins, or who hath given understanding to the heart,” or soul? Calmet.—God gives wisdom to man, and an instinct to cocks, ( Bible.) or the skill, of which the former is deprived, ( Worthington.) to know the approach of day. D.

Verse 37. Sleep. The ancients have celebrated this harmony. Cic. Somn. Scip.—Septuagint “Who numbereth the clouds in wisdom, or hath bent the sky down to the earth?” Prot. “or who can stay the bottles of heaven?” Bible.—Canst thou cause it to rain, or to be fair? ( Calmet.) or make the celestial bodies ( Bible.) rest from motion? Worthington.

Verse 38. Together. When was the water separated from the earth? Bible.—Where wast thou when I gave consistency to the rocks? Calmet.

Verse 39. And satisfy. Septuagint “or fill the souls of the dragons?” Bible.—Here Hebrew edit. commence the following chap. ( Calmet.) and are followed by Prot. ( Bible.) and others, as the proof of God’s superior knowledge begins to be established by the consideration of various animals. Worthington.

Verse 41. Wandering. Sixtus V. reads vagientes, ( Calmet.) “crying like children.” Bible.—The ravens presently drive their young away to seek for fresh habitations. Pliny x. 12. Psalms 146:9. Calmet.—If God provide for such creatures, He will shew still greater attention to man. Worthington.