Genesis 49

Verse 1. Last. Hebrew “future days.” It was an ancient and commendable custom, for parents to assemble their children in their last moments, to give them salutary instructions. They often also foretold to them what should happen. See Deuteronomy 31. Jos. ult. 1 Kennicott. 12. Tobit 4:3. 1 Maccabees 2. Cyrus and Socrates both believed that they had then an insight into futurity. Calmet.

Verse 3. My strength, and so forth He calls him his strength, as being born whilst his father was in his full strength and vigour; he calls him the beginning of his sorrow, because cares and sorrows usually come on with the birth of children.—Excelling in gifts, and so forth because the first-born had a title to a double portion, and to have the command over his brethren, which Ruben forfeited by his sin; being poured out as water; that is, spilt and lost. Challoner.—In command. He ought to have succeeded to his father in authority. But Joseph entered in upon his rejection, 1 Chronicles 5:1. The priesthood was given to Levi’s descendants; and the regal power, partly to those of Joseph, who reigned over the ten tribes, for a long time; and partly to the posterity of Juda, who exercised dominion over all the people of Israel. Chaldee. Worthington.

Verse 4. Grow thou not. This was not meant by way of a curse or imprecation; but by way of a prophecy, foretelling that the tribe of Ruben should not inherit the pre-eminences usually annexed to the first birth-right, that is the double portion, the being prince or lord over the other brethren, and the priesthood: of which the double portion was given to Joseph, the princely office to Juda, and the priesthood to Levi. Challoner.—Thou hast abandoned thyself to thy brutal passion; do so no more, ne adjicias. Saint Jerome q. Hebrew Let Ruben live, and die not; let him be small in number. Deuteronomy 33:6. His tribe never became very considerable. Calmet.—Couch. See Calmet. 35:22. Eternal infamy attends the name of Ruben. Bible.

Verse 5. Brethren. Born of the same parents; similar in disposition.—Vessels; instruments. Septuagint and Chal. “they have completed wickedness,” as they read calu, instead of the present Hebrew cele, which is adopted by Aquila. Calmet.

Verse 6. Slew a man, that is Sichem, the son of Hemor, with all his people, Genesis 34. Mystically and prophetically it alludes to Christ; whom their posterity, that is the priests and the scribes, put to death. Challoner.—A wall, Sichem, which they destroyed: or, according to the Septuagint “they ham-strung” a bull, as the same Hebrew word signifies; both which may refer to the prince of the town, or to Joseph, ( Calmet.) in whose persecution these two were principally concerned. Jacob declares, he had no share in their attack upon the people of Sichem: his soul, or his glory, was not impaired by their misconduct. Bible.

Verse 7. Scatter them. Levi had no division allotted to him, but only some cities among the other tribes; and Simeon had only a part of Juda’s lot, which was so small, that his descendants were forced to seek for a fresh establishment; some in Gader, others in Mount Seir, 1 Chronicles 4:39. Joshua 19:2. Simeon alone was not blessed by Moses. Deuteronomy 33. D.—The Levites obtained a blessing, on account of their distinguished zeal; (Numbers 25) while Zambri rivets, as it were, the curse upon the family of Simeon. Menochius.

Verse 8. Praise. He alludes to his name, his martial prowess, and dominion over all his brethren; who should be all called Jews, and submit to his sway. Some explain all this of Jesus Christ; others refer the first part of the prophecy to Juda. Bible.

Verse 9. A lion’s whelp, and so forth This blessing of Juda foretelleth the strength of his tribe, the fertility of his inheritance, and principally that the sceptre, and legislative power, should not be utterly taken away from his race till about the time of the coming of Christ: as in effect it never was: which is a demonstration against the modern Jews, that the Messias is long since come; for the sceptre has long since been utterly taken away from Juda. Challoner.—This none can deny. Juda is compared to a lion, which was the emblem of his royal dignity, and was borne in the standards of that tribe.—To the prey. Hebrew “from the prey.” He proceeds from victory to victory. He couches, ready to fall upon his prey; and, retiring to the mountains, is still eager to renew the attack. Calmet.—Read the history of David and of Solomon, who, both in peace and war, were a terror to the surrounding nations.

Verse 10. The sceptre. Almost every word in this verse has been explained in a different manner. But all the ancient Jews agree with Christians, that it contains a prediction of the Messias, and points out the period of his coming. Whether this was verified when Herod, a foreigner, got possession of the throne, and was acknowledged by the Jews, just about the time of our Saviour’s nativity, as most of the fathers suppose; or it only took its full effect when Agrippa II. lost all his power, the temple and the city were laid in ruins, and the whole nation dispersed for ever, it is not perhaps so easy to determine. In either supposition, the Messias has long since come. Jacob foretels, either that Christ would make his appearance as soon as the Jews should fall under a foreign yoke, and in this sense he was born about the 37th year of Herod the great—or he should come just before the kingdom of Juda should have an end, which took place in the 70th year of the Christian era, or about 37 years after the public appearance and death of our Saviour. The sceptre shall not depart irrevocably from the Jews; over whom the tribe of Juda had always the greatest authority in appointing the princes, when they were not selected from the tribe itself, or from his thigh; till the Messias, who has been expected so long, shall come and gather all nations into his Church. Then the designs of Providence, in watching over the Jews, being accomplished, their republic shall be dissolved, because they have shed his blood, instead of acknowledging his celestial beauty, verse 12. The evident signs of decay in the kingdom of the Jews, were sufficient to excite the attention of all to look for the Messias; and we read, both in Saint John 4:25, in Tacitus, and Suetonius, that his appearance was fully expected about that time. The sceptre is the emblem of sovereign, though not always independent, power. Juda and his posterity were always at the head of their brethren. They marched first in the wilderness; two of the judges were of this tribe. But their chief glory began with David, whose posterity the whole nation obeyed, till Jeroboam tore away the ten tribes. Still the tribe of Benjamin and the Levites adhered to Juda. During the captivity there were judges admitted to superintend over their brethren; and Kennicott. Joakim was raised to high authority. The rulers who came into power after the return of the Jews, were either of this tribe, at least by the mother’s side, or were chosen and recognized by the tribe of Juda. Even Herod, in this sense, might be considered as a Jewish king, though a foreigner, as well as a Thracian might be counted a Roman emperor, without any diminution of the imperial authority of Rome. Perhaps, indeed, he was an usurper, till the nation acknowledged his authority two years after the birth of Christ. Philo de temp. ii. Josep. Ant. xvii. 3. “Herod was the first foreign king admitted by the Jews.” Saint Augustine de Calmet. D. xviii. 45. If, therefore, no stranger was to be acknowledged by the nation, till He came, who was to establish a spiritual and everlasting kingdom, the moment was arrived, when the Jews submitted to Herod, and Christ had actually been born two years.—From Juda, or from that tribe; for Jacob gave peculiar blessings to each; (verse 28) and hence the fathers gather, that the Messias should spring from Juda.—Ruler from his thigh, lineally descended from him, or acknowledged at least by his posterity, as all the legal princes were till the coming of Christ.—Mechokek might also signify a teacher or scribe expounding the law of Moses, which subsisted for the same period; but this is more probably a farther explication of the sceptre, and so forth Calmet.—Till had ci, which words being joined together, are always taken in this sense. Helvicus.—Sent. Schiloach (or Ssolue) seems to have been in S. Jerom’s copy, though we now read Shiloh (or Ssole) “to whom” the authority belongs; Septuagint “to whom all things are reserved; or till the things arrive, which are laid up for him. Calmet.—Expectation, or congregation of nations, as Aggeus afterwards foretold, 2:8. If we examine all the plausible explications which have been given to this verse, we shall find that they all tend to convey the same truth. “The sceptre (ssebet, rod, crook, power or tribe) shall not depart (cease, be taken off) from Juda, (the tribe or the Jews) nor a leader (scribe, lawyer, or legislator) from his thigh, (between his feet, or from his banners) till He, who shall be sent, (shio, the pacific, his son, to whom it is, or the things are, reserved) arrive; and Him shall the nations expect, (and obey) to Him they shall look up (and be gathered). Whom will the Jews point out to whom all these characters agree, except our divine Lord, whom they also must one day adore? Bible.

Verse 11. Foal. The nations, which had not been subjected to the yoke of the old law.—Vineyard; the house of Israel, the vineyard of the Lord of hosts. Isaiah 5:7. Christ broke down the wall of separation, and made both one. Ephesians 2:14.—His ass, or the Jews.—O my son; Juda, the Saviour king, who shall be born of thee, shall tie both Jews and Gentiles to the vine, which is himself. John 15. To the Jews he shall preach in person; but the Gentiles he shall call by his apostles, chosen out of the vineyard of the Jewish church. Menochius.—He shall wash his robe, his flesh, and his garment, or all his disciples, in his own blood; adorning them with all graces by means of his death, which must be applied to their souls, in the holy sacraments devoutly received, and in the Mass, where his blood is offered under the appearance of wine. Bible. See Saint Ambrose and so forth Tertullian, (ag. Marc. iv.) shewing that Christ fulfilled the figures of the old law, interprets the stole to mean his body, and wine his blood. Worthington.—Jacob alludes also to fertility and abundance of vines, which should enrich the portion of Juda, particularly about Engaddi. Song of Songs 1:13. Calmet.

Verse 12. Beautiful. The eyes and teeth contribute much to the beauty of a face. Our Saviour, rising from the dead, filled the hearts fo the beholders with joy, as wine exhilarates the heart of man. Menochius.—The spouse in the Canticle (verse 12,) compares the eyes of the bridegroom to the shining reddish, or fiery ones of pigeons: chaclili, beautiful, means shining red, and so forth Jesus Christ seems to allude to this prophecy of Jacob, (Matthew 21:43 and John 10:16,) telling the Jews, that the kingdom of God should be taken from them, and one fold should be established for all. God would then cease to distinguish the Jews by any other marks than those of his wrath. He would no longer be their king and shepherd. His sceptre, or pastoral crook, should be taken off the tribe of Juda, and it should be confounded with the rest, as it is at this day. Calmet.

Verse 13. Road. The territory of Zabulon was famous for good harbours, being situated between the Mediterranean and the sea of Genezareth. Menochius.—Jacob marks out the limits to be assigned his children, 200 years before Chanaan was conquered; and Moses wrote this before they possessed a foot of land in it. The reason why Zabulon is placed before his elder brother Issachar, is not known.—Sidon; not the city, but the territory of Sidon, or Phenicia. Calmet.

Verse 14. Strong. Hebrew “bony ass.” Many of Jacob’s children are compared to animals, which was customary in the eastern style. Homer compares Ajax with the ass, for his strength and patience. Iliad xii. Jacob thus indicates the laborious disposition of Issachar’s tribe, which did not delight in war. Their country was the most fruitful of all Galilee. Calmet.

Verse 16. Dan shall judge, and so forth This was verified in Samson, who was of the tribe of Dan, and began to deliver Israel. Judges 13:5. But as this deliverance was but temporal and very imperfect, the holy patriarch (verse 18,) aspires after another kind of deliverer, saying: I will look for thy salvation, O Lord. Challoner.—Many have supposed, that Antichrist will be one of his descendants, which makes Jacob break out into this exclamation. Bible.—See Saint Irenaeus verse 30, and so forth Samson exercised his ingenuity in discomfiting the Philistines. But Antichrist will be far more subtle in deluding the faithful. Menochius.—The Danites took Lais; afterwards called Cæsarea Philippi, by stratagem. Judith 18. Tirinus.

Verse 19. Gad, being girded, and so forth It seems to allude to the tribe of Gad; when, after they had received for their lot the land of Galaad, they marched in arms before the rest of the Israelites, to the conquest of the land of Chanaan: from whence they afterwards returned loaded with spoils. See Josue 1 and 22. Challoner.—He alludes continually to the name of Gad, which signifies one “girded, or a troop.” See Osee 6:8. Numbers 32:17. Calmet.

Verse 20. Fat, delicious. This country was very luxuriant. Deuteronomy 33:24. Menochius.

Verse 21. A hart. Barach was of this tribe, and seemed rather timid, till he was encouraged by Debora; and his victory gave occasion to that beautiful hymn, Judith 5. Calmet.

Verse 22. Run to and fro, and so forth To behold his beauty; whilst his envious brethren turned their darts against him, and so forth Challoner.—Joseph continued increasing, in spite of the envy of his brethren, and the calumny of Putiphar’s wife, who was too much enamoured of his beauty. Bible.

Verse 24. His bow rested upon the strong, and so forth That is, upon God, who was his strength: who also loosed his bands, and brought him out of prison to be the pastor, that is, the feeder and ruler of Egypt; and the stone, that is, the rock and support of Israel.

Verse 25. Blessings, &chapter 1. Of rain; 2. of springs; 3. of milk, (uberum); and 4. (vulvæ) of children and cattle.

Verse 26. The blessings of thy father, and so forth That is, thy father’s blessings are made more prevalent and effectual in thy regard, by the additional strength they receive from his inheriting the blessings of his progenitors Abraham and Isaac.—The desire of the everlasting hills, and so forth These blessings all looked forward towards Christ, called the desire of the everlasting hills, as being longed for, as it were, by the whole creation. Mystically, the patriarchs and prophets are called the ever-lasting hills, by reason of the eminence of their wisdom and holiness.—The Nazarite. This word signifies one separated; and agrees to Joseph, as being separated from, and more eminent than, his brethren. As the ancient Nazarites were so called from their being set aside for God, and vowed to him. Challoner.—Nazir denotes also one chosen or crowned, and is a title of one of the chief courtiers or ministers of the Persian kings. Such was Joseph. Calmet.—These blessings were perhaps forfeited by the misconduct of his posterity, when Jeroboam set up the worship of the golden calves; though probably many would subsist of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasses till the coming of the Messias. Tirinus.

Verse 27. Wolf; alluding to the wars in the defence of the inhabitants of Gabaa, and those waged by Saul, Mardocheus, and so forth Menochius. Judith 19 and 20. Saint Paul was of this tribe; and, from a fiery zealot, became an eminent apostle. Saint Augustine and so forth Tirinus.

Verse 28. Proper blessings, or predictions; for Ruben received no blessing. Bible.

Verse 29. To be gathered to my people. That is, I am going to die, and so to follow my ancestors that are gone before me, and to join their company in another world. Challoner.—Jacob’s life was embittered with many afflictions, which he bore with admirable patience, and thus deserved to be considered as an excellent figure of Jesus Christ.—The man of sorrows. His faith in the promises of God, made him contemplate the land of Chanaan as his own, and parcel it out among his children. Calmet.