1 Samuel 31

Verse 1. Fled. They make but a feeble resistance, as God was not with them. Bible.—The first onset was made by the archers, and Saul’s three sons fell, while the king himself was dangerously wounded. Calmet.—The death of his sons would increase his anguish. Menochius.—He seems not to have told them of the divine decree, as he might deem it irrevocable and unavoidable, so that flight would have been of no service to them. Bible.

Verse 2. Jonathan. Ven. Bede, and so forth doubt not of his salvation. Salien.

Verse 3. Overtook. Hebrew “attacked, found, or hit him.” He was running away. Bible.—Wounded. Some translate Hebrew “terrified,” as they believe the words of the Amalecite, “my whole life is in me.” But that wretch deserves no credit; and Saul would probably not take the desperate resolution of killing himself, till he saw there was no possibility of escaping. Septuagint “the archers find him, and they wounded him in the lower belly.” Theodotion, “in the part near the liver.”

Verse 4. Bearer. The Rabbins say he was Doeg. They were not yet come to a close engagement.—Mock at me, as was then customary. See Joshua 8:29. Judges 1:7. He might recollect the treatment of Samson. Calmet.—Fear. “To spill the royal blood’s a direful thing.” Homer.

Verse 5. With him. Thus to avoid a little shame and temporal punishment, they rushed into those which are inconceivably geat and eternal. Bible.—The Jews in vain attempt to excuse Saul, as they deem suicide in such cases lawful, though in others they deprive those of burial, who have been guilty of it. Joseph. Ant. vi. 14.—This author applauds the behaviour of Saul; and indeed, his courage called forth the praises of David. But even the pagans have deemed those no better than cowards, who have killed themselves to avoid misery.

Rebus in adversis facile est contemnere mortem:

Fortiter ille facit, qui miser esse potest. Martial.

The civil laws deny suicides the rites of burial, as they are also guilty of a crime against the state, which they deprive of their labours. They unjustly abandon what God has only committed to their care. Saul seems to have been afraid of receiving any insult himself, rather than to have been desirous of preventing the blasphemies of the infidels against God, as the Jews pretend. He gave no signs of repentance, and the spirit of God pronounces his condemnation. So Saul died for his iniquities, because he transgressed; ( Calmet. Hebrew and Septuagint in his iniquities, by which he prevaricated. Tirinus.) … and moreover consulted also a witch, and trusted not in the Lord: therefore he slew him. 1 Chronicles 10:13, 14. Saul prefigured those, who having yielded to temptations, persist and die in their evil ways. Saint Gregory Worthington.

Verse 6. His men. Paral. his house fell together. The hopes of his family were at an end, ( Bible.) though Isboseth, Abner, and some few survived him, ( Menochius.) who had fled, ( Calmet.) or had not been in the engagement. Bible.

Verse 7. Beyond, or about “the passage” or fords of the Jordan, as the Hebrew means. Menochius.—The Philistines did not pursue after them, as God set bounds to their ambition. It might otherwise have proved very fatal to his people, who were now so much divided and terrified. In the parallel passage, in Chronicles, it is only said, When the men … that dwelt in the plains (of Jezrahel) saw this, they fled. 1 Chronicles 10:7. The Philistines seized the abandoned cities, particularly Bethsan, (verse 10. Bible.) which had been retained by the Chanaanites in the days of the judges, and which David took back. Judges 1:27. 3 Kennicott. 4:12.

Verse 9. Head, as David had treated that of Goliath. Calmet. 17:54.

Verse 10. Astaroth. The like custom was observed by the Hebrew, (Calmet. 21:9,) and by the Greeks and Romans, ( Calmet.) to acknowledge that victory was granted by God. The Philistines insulted Saul’s body, and blasphemed the true God, as much as if they had taken the king alive. He only avoided the mortification of hearing them while he was forced to attend to the furies below.—Body, with those of his three sons, verse 12. Bible.—Saul’s head was hung up in the temple of Dagon, at Azotus; (1 Chronicles 10:10,) his body was suspended on the wall or street of Bethsan; (2 Kennicott. 21:12,) or in the most public place, near the gate of the city.

Verse 11. Jabes, in gratitude for the deliverance which he had procured for them. Calmet. 11:11. Calmet.—They are also deserving of praise for shewing mercy to the dead, as well as for their bravery. Worthington.

Verse 12. Burnt them, or the flesh, reserving the ashes and bones to be buried, as was customary among the Greeks (Homer, ψ.) and Romans:

Sed cænam funeris hœres

Negliget iratus quod rem curtaveris; urnæ

Ossa inodora dabit. Persius. vi.

See Amos 6:10. Jonathan insinuates, that they burnt over the bodies aromatic spices.

Verse 13. Wood. Par. under the oak.—Days, at their own option. David fasted one day, ( Calmet.) as he did for Abner. Salien.—There was no obligation of mourning for the kings, though it is probable that those near the royal city, would shew this mark of attention to the deceased monarch. See Jeremiah 34:5. 2 Chronicles 35:25. The usual term of mourning was seven days. Sirach 22:13. Calmet.—It is very difficult to ascertain the length of Saul’s reign. Sanctius and Tirin allow him only 2 years; Petau 12; Calvisius 15; Salien 18; Bucholeer, and probably Josephus, 20, though most copies of the latter have 38; Saint Augustine Serarius, Usher, &chapter 40, which is the term mentioned Acts 13:20. But most chronologers suppose that the time of Samuel’s administration is there also included. Bible.—Sulpitius thinks that Saul only “reigned a very short time,” as “the ark was brought to Cariathiarim before the appeared on the throne, and was removed by David, after it had been there twenty years.”

2 KINGS

THE SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL;

otherwise called,

THE SECOND BOOK OF KINGS

or, salt cedar