1 Samuel 1

Verse 1. There. Hebrew Septuagint and so forth “And there,” and so forth The books of Scripture are thus frequently connected. The authors present us with a series of events, without prefixing any title, or their own names, that our attention may be wholly fixed on what we read. The birth of Samuel being so miraculous, deserves to be recorded, as he was the last judge of Israel, and had so much to do under the first of their kings, whose election and misconduct brought a great change into the state of the commonwealth. Calmet.—Ramathaimsophim. Rama, or Ramatha, “a height,” and the environs were occupied by the family of Suph, a descendant of Core; (1 Chronicles 6:29) though the place did not properly belong to the Levites. It lay probably between Gabaa and Bethel, where Samuel spent much of his time, while he was judge, and obliged to be frequently absent from the tabernacle. Calmet.—Ragusinus and Prince Radzivil think it was afterwards called Arimathea, the birth-place of Joseph, and now Ramula. Tirinus. Calmet. 2:11.—Ephraimite. He was of the tribe of Levi, (1 Chronicles 6:34) but is called an Ephraimites from dwelling in Mount Ephraim. Challoner.—So we read of Cretan Jews. Acts 2:11. Tirinus.

Verse 2. Phenenna. She was only of inferior dignity. At that time polygamy was lawful, ( Menochius.) as Moses insinuates, if he do not expressly allow it.

Verse 3. Days, the three great festivals. His family accompanied him, though the law only lays an express injunction upon the males to attend. We find, however, that females did not neglect to come. Calmet.—Hosts. Hebrew (Tsebaoth) of “armies,” both of angels and of Israel. God is attended by myriads of angels, and decides the fate of armies. Bible.—This title has not appeared in the former books. The pagans took occasion from it to form their Jupiter Sabazius. Calmet.—Elcana might go up from the height of Ramatha to Silo, which was the highest mountain round Jerusalem of all in the holy land. Adrichom. Tirinus.

When rendered in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS, “LORD” or “GOD” is the translation of God’s Proper Name (Hebrew “יהוה”, usually pronounced Yahweh).

Verse 4. Sacrificed, by the hand of the priests, ( Menochius.) who had the breast and right shoulder; the rest was given back to the person who had presented the fattened victim, that he might feast with his friends. Calmet.

Verse 5. With sorrow. Hebrew apayim, “of faces, indignation, ( Calmet.) sorrow;” ( Menochius.) or that was presented before him. Chal. and many others translate, “a chosen:” ( Calmet.) Prot. “a worthy portion.” Bible.—The shew-bread is called, “the bread of the face,” because it stood before the Lord. Joseph sent to each of his brethren, “a portion of his faces,” as the Hebrew expresses it; (Genesis 43:33) or of such meat as was placed upon his table. In the East, the master of a family has all set before him, and he sends to each his portion, to the place where he is sitting. Chardin, Perse.—Thus Elcana sent some more excellent, or “double,” part to his beloved Anna, ( Calmet.) grieving inwardly that she had no children, to whom he might also send. Bible.—By this distinction, he wished to alleviate the sorrow of his wife. Menochius.—Womb. Sterility was deemed a curse, and a mark of God’s displeasure, with which women were often reproached. Hence Anna prays so earnestly that God would be mindful of her. verse 11–19. The power of the Almighty, in giving children to the barren, is frequently mentioned. Genesis 28:13. Psalms 112:9. Calmet.—Luke 1:25. and so forth Bible.

Verse 6. Insomuch. Hebrew “to make her fret, or rage; because the Lord,” and so forth Calmet.

Verse 7. Lord. Then they could hardly avoid being together on the road, and Anna was accustomed to pray earnestly ( Menochius.) to be delivered from her reproach. Bible.

Verse 9. Silo; either in some private house, or in the porch before the tabernacle. She complied with the entreaty of her husband. Menochius.—Stool. Hebrew “Heli was sitting upon a throne, near the steps, leading to the palace of the Lord.” It is also called the temple, or the house of God, though it was only a tent. Matthew 12:4. and so forth Perhaps women were not allowed to go beyond the porch.

Verse 11. A vow; rightly trusting that her husband would give his consent. Numbers 30:7.—Razor. Hebrew mora, “scissors.” Septuagint “iron.” Some copies add, “he shall not drink wine, nor any intoxicating drink.” In quality of Levite, Samuel was bound to serve the tabernacle from 25 or 30 years of age till he was 50. Numbers 4:2. Anna consecrates him to the Lord for life, and promises that he shall be a Nazarite, like Samson, and Saint John Baptist. The law prescribes no rules for these perpetual Nazarites. Numbers 6:3. Many of the ancients believe that Samuel always observed the prescriptions of Moses, and abstained from intoxicating liquors; though the Hebrew and Vulg. are silent on this head. We find that during his administration as Judge, he was not able to continue always near the tabernacle. Calmet.—When he came to years of discretion, he might depart if he thought proper, like other Levites. Had he been of another tribe, he must have been redeemed. Worthington.—Esther, Elcana, or Samuel, might have annulled this vow. Salien, A. 2900.

Verse 12. Prayers, out of fervour; not through vain superstition and ostentation, as the Pharisees and pagans did. Matthew 23:14. Christ does not condemn many, or long prayers, since he prayed whole nights for our instruction. Luc. 21:38. and 6:12. 1 Thes. 5:17.—Mouth. He tried, but could not hear what she said. Calmet.

Verse 14. Much. Heli’s “son or servant,” (παιδαριον, according to the Sept.) addressed these words to Anna. Her going to pray immediately after a feast, instead of taking recreation, increased the suspicion. Saint John Chrysostom hom. 1.—Salien (A.Calmet. 1153) observes the many instances of patience which Anna exhibits on this occasion. Bible.—She teaches us not to answer the unjust reproaches of our superiors with haughtiness. D.

Verse 15. My lord. She gives him this title, though he had called her a drunken woman. Bible.—Unhappy. Hebrew “of a hard (or afflicted) spirit.” See Song of Songs 8:6. Calmet.

Verse 16. Belial; “without restraint;” abandoned. Bible.—Septuagint “pestiferous.”—Sorrow. Hebrew “meditation;” ( Calmet.) what preys upon my spirits. Bible.

Verse 17. Peace, with all blessings. Menochius.

The Hebrew word rendered “God” is “אֱלֹהִ֑ים” (Elohim).

Verse 18. Eyes: that thou wouldst lay aside thy suspicions against my character, and pray ( Calmet.) that I may obtain so great a happiness.—Changed. Hebrew “no more,” as it had been sad, and defaced with tears. Bible.—She was now full of hope and joy. Menochius.—Septuagint “her countenance fell not.” She was not moved with anger or with jealousy. Genesis 4:6. Calmet.

Verse 20. About, at the expiration of the year, which term the ancients frequently allowed between the conception and the nativity. Genesis 18:10.—Samuel. This name imports, asked of God. Challoner.—Some letters are omitted for the easier pronunciation, as the Hebrews would now write it, Saul-meel; ( Calmet.) or it may signigy, “God placed him,” sum-hal. Tirinus.—Shaal means, “to ask.” But Vatable thinks that Anna retained only the first letter. Menochius.

Samuel sounds like the Hebrew for “heard by God.”

Verse 21. Vow, in consequence of his son’s nativity. The sacrifice might be of precept, such as the paschal lamb, or for his wife’s purification and the redemption of his first-born, as they could not attend in person. Calmet.—Hebrew “the victim of days and his vow,” which he had probably made in conjunction with Anna. Menochius.

Verse 22. Weaned. The mother of the Machabees weaned her children when they were three years old; (2 Maccabees 7:27) which Gallien asserts as the proper time, though Avicenna fixes upon two years. See Genesis 21:8. Iremellius translates, “till the child be grown up.” But we must not allow any long term, since he was very young when he was presented to the Lord. verse 24.

Verse 23. Word, by preserving the life of the child, ( Calmet.) and enabling him to serve according to our engagement. Bible.—Word is often put for “a thing,” in Hebrew May God perfect his own work. Menochius.

Verse 24. Three calves. Septuagint “a calf three years old,” such as Abraham sacrificed, Genesis 15:9. We only find one offered up, verse 25.—Bushels. Hebrew epha, ( Calmet.) each of which contained three bushes or measures. Ruth 2:17. Bible.—Bottle. Hebrew nebel, a large measure containing above 87 pints. Calmet.—The sacrifices seem to have been for thanksgiving, accompanied with an ephi for each calf, and with wine. Numbers 15. Ezekiel 46:7.

1 ephah is about 22 liters or about 2/3 of a bushel

Verse 26. Liveth: a strong attestation. Menochius.—As sure as you live; or, may you enjoy a long and happy life. See Calmet. 17:55. and 20:3. Daniel 3:9. 2 Ezra 2:3.

Verse 28. Lent. This is equivalent to giving entirely. Anna presents her son to the Lord, to serve in his tabernacle as long as God shall think proper. He dispensed with his personal attendance, when he appointed him judge. Calmet. 7:15. Calmet.—As much as depended on Samuel’s mother, he was consecrated for ever. But he was at liberty to ratify the vow if he pleased. Menochius.—The expression, lent, seems to reserve the dominion of the thing, which Anna had entirely given up, so that we might translate the Hebrew “Therefore I have him simply as one lent … he is a thing lent, which belongs to the Lord.” Calmet.—They. Hebrew “he worshipped the Lord there.” Grabe found not these words in the Alex. copy, which by comparison of this chapter with the the Vatican edition, appears, to be more accurate. Both omit this sentence: but it is found in the Aldine edition of the Septuagint Proleg. Calmet. 4. The Targum adds, “and she prayed in the spirit of prophecy, and said.” Bible.