Numbers 35

Verse 3. Cities, in all forty-eight, with a thousand paces round them. This land belonged to the community: but some built upon it, Joshua 21:18. 1 Chronicles 6:60. The burial place for the Levites lay behind it. Drusius.—In these cities alone, the Levites had houses and gardens of their own; other might live with them, and indeed the cities acknowledged other lords, as Hebron belonged to Caleb, Joshua 14:14. The Levites were dispersed throughout the land, that they might instruct the people both by word and by example. Deuteronomy 33:10. They had a clear revenue without labour of husbandry, equivalent to any two of the other tribes. Abulensis.—Six of their cities were assigned for places of refuge, as they were the proper judges of the cases, in which murder may be excused, and to remind them that hey ought to be very merciful. Hence arose the privileges, granted to some churches, of protecting those who fled to them for an asylum. That none might be hindered from enjoying this benefit, three of these cities were situated on each side of the Jordan, and at equal distances. Salien.

Verse 4. Paces. This is equivalent to 2000 cubits, (verse 5,) or a sabbath day’s journey. Selden, Jur. iii. 9. S. Jerom. q. 9. ad algas. Hebrew retains the same word, amma, “cubit,” in both verses: but some copies of the Septuagint Philo, and Josephus, have “2000 cubits,” ( Calmet.) which Dr. Wall and Kennicott deem to be the original reading. Bible.—Bonfrere would also correct the Hebrew by the Vulgate as a pace among the Greeks consisted of three feet, and a cubit of half that quantity. The geometric pace of the Romans contained five feet, and the sacred cubit of Villalpand half as much; so that 2000 sacred cubits make 1000 geometric paces. Thus the Vulgate is perfectly consistent with itself. Menochius.—Some imagine that Moses speaks of the common cubit here and of the sacred one, which was doubly as large, v 5. But this is not probable; and the distinction of cubits, ( Calmet.) at least in his days, ( Bible.) is very uncertain. Perhaps Moses may first specify the depth of this space of ground from the wall, and afterwards its length, which would be doubly greater. Calmet. See Sevius on Jos. xxi. q. 8, and so forth—The semidiameter was probably 1000 cubits. D.

A cubit is the length from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow on a man’s arm, or about 18 inches or 46 centimeters.

Verse 5. Sea. Hebrew simply, “on the west side 2000 cubits, and on the north side 2000 cubits, and the city in the midst. This shall be to them the suburbs of the city.”

Verse 6. Cities. Maimonides pretends, that all forty-eight cities of the Levites were asylums; though only six were bound to receive the fugitive gratis. Moses had promised a place of refuge, which he now grants. Exodus 21:13. The altar and temple enjoyed the like privilege: the latter even till its destruction. Philo.—Josephus mentions only six cities of refuge. Those who could not be supposed to have killed a person designedly were not obliged to flee to them; as, on the other hand, the murderer was not permitted to enter, if his malice were notorious, or his negligence extreme. Rabbins ep. Seld. Jur. iv. 2. To be secured at the altar of holocausts, it was necessary to touch the grate. If the judges declared that the person’s case was such as the law admitted, he was conducted away, under a strong guard, to one of the cities; or, if he were deemed unworthy, he was put to death, out of the holy place. The altar was commonly the refuge only of priests. Those who were not of Hebrew extraction, could not claim the rights of an asylum, according to the Rabbins. But the contrary seems to be asserted, verse 15. The roads to the cities of refuge were to be kept in good repair, and in case more than six should be found necessary, three others might be appointed. Deuteronomy 19:3. 8. This privilege is founded on the law of nature, which decrees that the life of the innocent man, who has had the misfortune to kill another, should not be taken away. Other nations extended this right to almost every crime, that the weak might have an opportunity of defending themselves. The sons of Hercules erected for this purpose the altar of mercy, at Athens. Some of the pagan temples could protect even the greatest criminals, as well as the innocent, who might fear oppression. Those of Apollo, at Delphos, of Bacchus, at Ephesus, and so forth were very famous. See Marsham, Chron. sæc. 13. Tiberius found it necessary to recall these privileges among the Greeks, as they were greatly abused. Tacit. An. iii. 6. But his decree ws not much regarded. The Romans had their asylums also, at Naples, and so forth where those who had been condemned to die, might be secure. Rome itself was an asylum for all strangers, as Saint Augustine remarks, de Calmet. D. i. The Christian emperors afforded the like privileges to our churches. But some who were guilty of the crimes of adultery, murder, heresy, and so forth were deprived of the benefit. Calmet.—Those who fled to the altar among the Jews were first to be purified; (Philo) and if they had committed murder publicly, like Joab, they were dragged away, 3 Kennicott. 2. Tirinus.

Verse 12. Kinsman, the nearest relation, who was called the revenger of blood, (verse 25. 27, Bible.) or the redeemer, because it was his duty to see that justice was done to the deceased. When the person, who had involuntarily committed murder, arrived at the city, he was to make his appearance before the judges of it, and, if they thought his account satisfactory, they admitted him, but upon condition that he should take his trial before the judges and the people of that country where the murder had taken place, (verse 25. Joshua 20:4. 9, Tirinus.) though some think that the judges of the city of refuge, passed sentence. Masius, and so forth—If it proved favourable, he was bound to remain in the city till the death of the high priest, otherwise the relations might kill him as an outlaw; as they might also if he was declared guilty. In case the murder were voluntary, the judges of the place where it was committed set to demand the criminal. Deuteronomy 19:11.

Verse 18. If, and so forth Hebrew “or he smite him with a wooden weapon, (wherewith he may die,) and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death.” The two former verses are expressed in the same awful manner, intimating that the weapon must be of such a nature that it might easily give a mortal wound, and also that the effect really followed. In these cases, if the person could not clear himself, no refuge or reprieve was allowed. Bible.—But the deceased must have been killed upon the spot, otherwise the person who struck him could only be required to pay a fine. Exodus 21:19. Menochius.

Verse 19. Him, with impunity. If the judges have passed sentence, he shall be obliged to put it in execution, verse 21. 31. Saint Augustine q. 65. E.—The laws of Athens required also that a relation should put the murderer to death, though the deceased were even of servile condition. Demost.—Those of Rome condemned the involuntary manslayer to retire for a year, and afterwards to appease some one of the relations, and to offer the sacrifices, and submit to the usual purifications. Even at the present day, the Persians and Arabs deliver the murderer to be slain by the kinsmen of the deceased, after sentence has been passed by the judges.

Verse 21. Kill him. It seems, when the case was evident, he was not only permitted, but commanded to punish the criminal. Bonfrere. Deuteronomy 19:12. Menochius.

Verse 25. Delivered. Hebrew “the multitude shall deliver the slayer.” It seems the judges pronounced sentence, according to the votes of the people assembled; ( Calmet.) or the plurality of voices among the 21 judges decided the matter. Grot. Bible.—High priest. This mystically signified that our deliverance was to be effected by the death of Christ, the high priest and the anointed of God. Challoner.—He rescued us from the hand of the revenger, the devil. Theod. q. 50. 51.—Before his death, the way of our true country was not open, nor secure. Saint Gregory hom 6. in Ezec. Worthington.—By this law, Moses shewed a horror for murder, and the respect due to the person of the high priest, during whose life even the involuntary murderer was obliged to keep himself retired in a city of refuge. Masius.—At the death of the pontiff, all Israel put on mourning, so that private injuries were to be forgotten, when the public had such cause for sorrow; and in the mean time the vengeance of kinsmen would relent. Maimon. More. iii. 40.—Murder was punished by the Greeks, in the days of Homer, with banishment, though sometimes this was remitted by the relations, for a sum of money. Iliad ix. Calmet.

Verse 27. Him. Custom explained this law, as giving leave to any person to inflict the punishment upon the wandering murderer, though the relation seem only to be specified. Grot.—Some think, that to kill such a person was still criminal in the sight of God. But others believe that, as he had forfeited the privilege of an asylum, by absenting himself from it, ( Calmet.) the law subjected him to the same rigour with which he might have been treated before he came thither; (verse 19. Bible.) and provided proper moderation were observed, and malicious revenge avoided, no guilt would attach to him who executed the implied sentence of death. The Jews observe, that God allows us to revenge another sooner than ourselves, as there is less danger of excess or of delusion. Calmet.

Verse 30. Man. A person might be tried on such evidence. Deuteronomy 19:15.

Verse 32. Cities. Hebrew “you shall take no money to retire to a city of refuge, to return into his own country, till the death of the priest.” The Septuagint supply, “you shall take no redemption money, to permit (a voluntary murderer) to flee into a city of refuge, (nor of an involuntary one,) to return,” and so forth Grotius.—The banished, may refer to people of the former description, who had gone away to screen themselves from persecution. But they could never be allowed to inhabit the country any more. Their presence would seem to defile it. Bible.—“You shall not take money of him who has fled to a city of refuge, to suffer him to return home.” Chaldee.

Verse 33. Defile not. To inspire a greater horror for murder the earth was represented as defiled by blood, and only to be purified by the death of the criminal. Without shedding of blood, there is no remission. Hebrews 9:22. Bible.—On the same principle, our churches, and so forth are deemed profane when murder, or some great indecencies, have been committed in them, so that they require a fresh consecration. Calmet.