1 Kings 19

Verse 3. Afraid. Hebrew “he saw, arose, and went for his life.” Bible.—He was aware of a woman’s anger. Ecclei. 25:23. Though he goes intrepidly to meet Achab, he flees before a woman, God being desirous that he should exercise humility, (Theod. q. 57, and so forth) though some think that he had given way to a secret fault; ( Calmet.) which is a groundless assertion. Bible.—He must confess that all his strength is from above. Tirinus.—Mind, to escape notice. Menochius.—Bersabee, at the southern extremity of the kingdom of Juda, perhaps fifty leagues from Samaria, and five more from Jezrahel. Calmet.—Servant, the boy whom he had raised to life. Abulensis.

Verse 4. Desert. It seems, towards Horeb. Calmet.—Tree. Hebrew Rothem, which term the Septuagint retain, “Rathmen.” Sym. has, “a shade.” Bible.—Die. Elias requested to die, not out of impatience or pusillanimity, but out of zeal against sin; and that he might no longer be witness of the miseries of his people, and the war they were waging against God and his servants. See verse 10. Challoner.—He does not wish to fall into the hands of Jezabel, lest the idolaters should triumph: but he is willing to die, if God so order it. Calmet.—Mathathias entertained the like sentiments. 1 Maccabees 2:7.—Fathers: that I should live longer than they did. Menochius. Sirach 30:17.—If he had been weary of life, why did he flee? His answer to Achab shews that he was by no means timid. Calmet.

Verse 6. Cake, baked in a hollow stone, covered with fire. The Arabs call such cakes, Ridpha. An angel brought this nourishment. Calmet.

Verse 7. Go. Hebrew “the journey is too great for thee,” without this support. Bible.—He spent forty days in this journey, as he did not follow the straitest road. Horeb is only about fifty leagues from Bersabee. Calmet.—He might have travelled thither in four or five days. Menochius.

Verse 8. In the strength of that food, and so forth This bread with which Elias was fed in the wilderness, was a figure of the bread of life, which we receive in the blessed sacrament: by the strength of which we are to be supported in our journey through the wilderness of this world, till we come to the true mountain of God, and his vision in a happy eternity. Challoner.—Horeb signifies “a rock, or dry wilderness.” Calmet.

Verse 9. Here. Thy presence is necessary in Israel. Tirinus.—Elias had been guided by a natural fear. Menochius.—“With how great familiarity is he received by God!” Tert. c. Psychic. vi.

Verse 10. Zeal; ordering the idolatrous prophets to be destroyed, ( Menochius.) which has enkindled the rage of Jezabel against me. I cannot bear to see the general corruption. Calmet.—Covenant; neglecting circumcision, (Rabbins) and almost the whole law. Bible.—Altars. Some had been erected by the prophets, ( E.) as the king would suffer none to go to Jerusalem. Bible.—The idolaters there them down. Calmet. 18:30. Such altars would have been unlawful in Juda. Calmet.—I alone am left; that is of the prophets in the kingdom of Israel, or of the ten tribes; for in the kingdom of Juda, religion was at that time in a very flourishing condition, under the kings Asa and Josaphat. And even in Israel there remained several prophets, though not then known to Elias. See Calmet. 20:13, 28, 35. Challoner. Worthington.—Hebrew repeats I, as verse 14, and Calmet. 18:22. He might justly fear that those had been destroyed at last, whom Abdias had protected. At any rate, none durst appear in public to assist Elias. Bible.—God informs him (verse 18.) that all is not yet lost.

Verse 11. Lord; the angel, his representative. Menochius.—God had formerly granted the like favour to Moses, in the same place. Exodus 33:21.

Verse 12. Air. Something similar happened at the giving of the law, and at the propagation of the gospel. Exodus 19:9, 16. Acts 2:2. The Lord was pleased to shew his prophet the difference between the two laws: the own was full of terror, the other of mildness. Grotius—He insinuated likewise, that he could easily exterminate the offenders, but he chose to bear patiently with them; ( Tirinus.) and taught his prophet to moderate his zeal, and, after terrifying sinners, to being them to a sense of their duty by gentle means. Sanctius. Calmet.—“His spirit is most indulgent and mild.” … est teneræ serenitatis, apertus et simplex. Tert. c. Marcion xxiii.

Verse 13. Mantle, out of respect, like Moses. Exodus 3:6. So the cherubim veil their faces with their wings. Isaiah 6:2. Menochius.—Among the Orientals, to cover the face has the same import as when we pull of our hats. Calmet.

Verse 15. Desert, avoiding the towns as much as possible, ( Calmet.) and travelling through the country of Ammon to Damascus. Menochius.—God does not send Elias again into the midst of danger, at Achab’s court. Bible.—Hazael. God exercises his authority over all nations, and disposes of crowns. He appoints Hazael to punish his people. It does not appear that Elias performed this commission in person, but by the hand of Eliseus. 4 Kennicott. 8:12. Neither do we find that Hazael was anointed, but he was “declared king;” in which sense the term is used. Judges 9:8. Salien. Calmet.—Yet Torniel believes, that Elias really anointed both Hazael and Jehu. He foretold, at least, ( Bible.) that they should reign. Worthington.

Verse 16. Jehu, the son of Jospahat, (4 Kennicott. 9:2) and grandson of Namsi. Menochius.—Eliseus sent one of his disciples to anoint him, (4 Kennicott. 9:1. Calmet.) with common oil; the sacred was reserved for priests and the kings of Juda, according to the Rabbins.—Anoint, or call to the ministry, perhaps by placing a mantle on his head, verse 19. No mention is made of unction. Calmet.—Yet the Fathers have hence inferred that prophets received it, as well as priests and kings. Sanctius—Elias had complained that he was left alone. God appoints him a coadjutor, and successor; a person who seemed to have yet made no immediate preparation for the office. His parents were probably known for their probity, and had taken no part in the worship of idols. Calmet.—Abelmeula was in the great plain, ten miles south of Scythopolis. Eus.

Verse 17. Shall be slain by Eliseus. Eliseus did not kill any of the idolaters with the material sword; but he is here joined with Hazael and Jehu, the great instruments of God in punishing the idolatry of Israel, because he foretold to the former his exaltation to the kingdom of Syria, and the vengeance he would execute against Israel, and anointed the latter by one of his disciples to be king of Israel, with commission to extirpate the house of Achab. Challoner.—They left nothing imperfect in the vengeance. 4 Kennicott. 8 and 9. Eliseus sent bears to destroy forty-two children of Bethel; (4 Kennicott. 2:23. Calmet.) and Abulensis (q. 23.) thinks that he might put many false prophets to death, as the Scripture does not mention every thing, ( Menochius.) and as Elias had done himself. Bible.—Eliseus may also be the name of some general. D.

Verse 18. Will leave. Hebrew also, “I have left,” as Romans 11:4. Septuagint “thou shalt leave.” Bible.—After answering the first part of the prophet’s complaint, and informing him that the guilty should not pass unpunished, God lets him know that he is not left alone, but that many thousands ( Calmet.) even in Israel still continue faithful; so far was the true Church from being in danger of perishing entirely. Bible.—Seven is often put for a great number. Proverbs 24:16. Yet some suppose, ( Calmet.) that only this number served God out of 1,110,000 men in Israel. 1 Chronicles 21:5. Grotius, and so forth—Hands. To this custom the word adore owes it rise. Bible.—The pagans kissed their right-hand, or the statue itself, when they could reach it, to testify their veneration. Inter adorandum, dexteram ad osculum referimus. Pliny xxviii. 2. Cicero (in Verse 4.) mentions a beautiful statue of Hercules, the cheeks and beard of which had been rather worn with kissing; non solum id venerari, sed etiam osculari solent. See Genesis 18:2. Calmet.—Job 31:27. Menochius.

Verse 19. Mantle, perhaps to signify that he must change his manner of living. Menochius.

Verse 20. Kiss, and bid them adieu. Menochius.—To thee. I have no farther orders. Obey the Spirit of God. Hoc age. Hebrew “for what have I done to thee?” Did I require thee to follow me? Act as God may direct thee. Yet remember the ceremony which thou hast seen, and do not turn back ( Calmet.) to neglect thy office. Bible. Matthew 8:22. Luke 9:62.

Verse 21. Oxen, to shew that he had relinquished his profession. Menochius.—“He makes a vow of them.” S. Jerom, ep. xxviii.—Elias waited for him in the field, while he made a feast for his fellow-citizens, at parting. Calmet.—Then both probably retreated to Carmel, (Salien) to watch over the instruction of the college of prophets. Bible.