1 Kings 11

Verse 1. Strange women, who had been brought up in the service of idols, and were not sincerely converted. Bible.—Riches engaged Solomon in the love of pleasure, and this brought on his ruin. Calmet.—He began with the spirit, but ended in the flesh. Galatians 3:3. Eccles. 47:21. He was aware of the dangerous conversation of women. Eccle. 19:2. Yet he has left us in his own person an example of that dreadful truth, that it is difficult to love with discretion. Bible.—Amare et sapere vix cuiquam conceditur. Nothing could be more beautiful than the commencement of his reign, nor more terrible than the latter part of it. Thou hast stained thy glory, and so forth Sirach 47:22. Hence we may apply to him, How are thou fallen from heaven? Isaiah 14:12. Calmet.—Pharao. This marriage seems to be blamed, as the source of Solomon’s misfortunes; though it is probable, that she had pretended to embrace his religion. Menochius. Salien.—He ought to have repudiated her as soon as she relapsed. Tirinus.

Verse 2. Gods. See Exodus 34:16. Deuteronomy 7:4. The law only forbids expressly the marrying of the women of Chanaan. But is was easy to discern, that the spirit of the law equally prohibited connexions with others who were addicted to idol-worship. See 1 Ezra 10:3. Such alliances are always dangerous, and generally prove fatal; ( Calmet.) unless there be good reason to believe that the parties are sincerely converted: in which case the prohibition ceases. Bible.—Love. Thus, nitimur in vetitum semper, cupimusque negata; and, stolen waters are sweeter, says impure love; but her guests are in the depths of hell. Proverbs 9:17. 18.

Verse 3. Concubines, or secondary wives. Bible.—Those who have any sense of modesty, can hardly read this without blushing. Salien.—Solomon was guilty not only of intemperance, but also of a transgression of the precept. Menochius. Deuteronomy 17:17.—He shall not have many wives: though as that command is indefinite, and David had eighteen, without blame, (2 Kennicott. 3:3) it is difficult to say how many a person might have, at that time, without exceeding the bounds of moderation. Bible.—But a thousand wives for one man, is certainly too great a number. When Solomon wrote the Canticles, he had only sixty queens and eighty concubines. Song of Songs 6:8. The Rabbins allow the king eighteen wives. But it is probable that most of the kings indulged themselves in a greater latitude. Darius, of Persia, took along with him to the wars 350 concubines, when he was overcome by Alexander. Athen. xiii. 1. Priam had also many wives, besides Hecuba, the queen. The inferior wives looked upon those who had this title with a degree of respect, bordering on adoration. Calmet.

Verse 4. Old; about fifty. Salien. Calmet.—This is an aggravation of his guilt. Bible.—Solomon spent the first thirty years of his reign in virtue: but towards the termination of it, he gave into idolatry, and into such excesses, that he deserves to be ranked with Henry VIII. who began well, but ended with dishonour. Bible.—Heart, and mind also, verse 9. He sacrificed to idols, not only externally, but gave them internal worship; (Salien) so much was his understanding darkened, unless ( Bible.) he acted against his better knowledge. Eccles. 2:9. Tirinus.—Father who did not continue long in sin. D.—“The wisdom, which had been given to him, entirely abandoned his heart, which the discipline even of the smallest tribulation had not guarded.” Saint Gregory Pastoral. p. 3.—“He had commenced his reign with an ardent desire of wisdom, and when he had obtained it by spiritual love, he lost it by carnal affections.” Saint Augustine Doct. 3:21.—“Prosperity, which is a severe trial for the wise, was more disadvantageous to him than wisdom herself had been profitable.” De Civ. God xvii. 20.—The Fathers do not attempt to palliate the guilt of Solomon; and those aggravate his crime, who endeavour to excuse him by saying, that his mind was still convinced that there could be but one God, and that his adoration of idols was merely external, and out of complaisance to his wives. See Santius, and so forth Calmet.

Verse 5. Astarthe. Hebrew Hashtoreth, “ewes,” is in the plural form, as if to denote many idols. But the moon, or the queen of heaven, (Jeremiah 7:18) is particularly designated. Judges 2:12. Bible.—Some explain it of Venus, (Sanctius) or Juno. Tirinus.—Moloch. Hebrew Molciom, (their king) “the abomination;” ( Bible.) supposed to be the sun, (Sanctius) or saturn. Tirinus. See 4 Kennicott. 23:10.

Verse 7. Chamos. Bacchus or Priapus, called Κωμος, by the Greeks, as he presided over “feasting.” His worship was most shameful, and therefore performed in the night. The temples erected by Solomon, were not entirely demolished till the reign of Josias. Tirinus.—Hill. Hebrew “Then Solomon erected a high place (temple, altar, or grove) to Chamos, the abomination of Moad, on the, and so forth hill;” it is supposed of olives, ( Bible.) to the east of Jerusalem, which was hence called, the mount of offence. 4 Kennicott. 23:13. Calmet.—Yet no place was consecrated to idols within the city. Menochius.—The idols of Egypt are not specified, though the daughter of Pharao would, probably, interest herself in their favour. The Jews were more prone to those of Chanaan. We find, however, that they were addicted to the worship of Adonis, who was highly revered in Egypt; (Ezekiel 8:14. Calmet.) and the golden calves were an imitation of Apis. Bible.—Six temples were probably built, as wives of so many different nations are specified, verse 1. Abul. Salien.

Verse 9. Twice, or repeatedly. See Calmet. 9:2. Bible.—He had appeared to him at Gabaon, and after the consecration of the temple, ( Menochius.) besides sending a prophet to him while he was building. Calmet. 6:12. Abul.—God was not content with giving him the general commandments: he had condescended to caution him in a most particular and earnest manner: ( Bible.) so that his transgression is more horrible and ungrateful. Calmet.—No doubt the priests and prophets had often besought him to alter his conduct; but the sinner is deaf, till God speak to his heart. Salien, A. 3054.

Verse 11. This. Lit. and Hebrew “Because thou hast this with thee.” Bible.—Since this is thy conduct, and fixed determination, to abandon my service, I will also reject thee. The Lord spoke to him in a third vision, ( Calmet.) or by the mouth of Ahias, (Abul.) who was likewise appointed to inform Jeroboam of his election to a part of the kingdom. Salien, A. 3059.

Verse 12. Sake. As David placed this son upon the throne, the disgrace would seem to revert on him. Menochius.—Here we behold the reward of piety, and how desirable a thing it is to have saints for our parents. Bible.

Verse 13. One tribe. Besides that of Juda, his own native tribe. Challoner.—That of Benjamin had been so reduced, that it scarcely deserved the name of a tribe. It was also invariably connected with the adjoining tribe of Juda; as many of the other tribes, after the captivities of Assyria and Babylon, went by the common title of Jews. Tirinus.—The Levites, and many of the Israelites, came to inhabit in the land of Juda, for the sake of the true religion. Calmet. 12:17. 2 Chronicles 11:13. 16. Jeroboam banished the tribe of Levi from his dominions, that he might more easily introduce a change of religion among his subjects. The two kingdoms were thus almost equal in strength. Calmet.—Chosen for the abode of holiness, and the seat of government. Salien.—One tribe … and Jerusalem; which latter may denote the tribe of Benjamin. Worthington.

Verse 14. Adversary. Hebrew Satan. Nothing of this kind could molest him, while he continued faithful. Calmet. 5:4. But now he sees the arm of God stretched out, pressing him to repent.—Adad. Septuagint Ader. Josephus says that this prince solicited Pharao to let him return into his own country, after the death of Joab: but was prevailed upon to desist from the attempt, till the affairs of Solomon began to decline. He then endeavoured to get possession of the country; but, being repelled by the strong garrisons of the Hebrews, he went and joined Razar, (Hebrew Razon) who had revolted against Aderezer; and made inroads into the dominions of Solomon, after he had conquered a part of Syria. Ant. viii. 7. Others think that Solomon consented, at the entreaty of Pharao, that Adad should reign over Idumea, on his paying tribute; and that the latter attempted to throw off the yoke. Salien.—But these particulars are uncertain, and Idumea was subject to the kings of Juda till the days of Joram. 2 Chronicles 21:8. Calmet.

Verse 15. In Edom, in the 15th year of his reign. Salien.—Abisai was the general in this expedition. 2 Kennicott. 8 and 1 Chronicles 18:12.

Verse 17. Boy. About five (Salien) or 12 years of age. Pineda.

Verse 18. Land, to maintain him (Josephus) out of the royal domains, ( Calmet.) of which the kings were possessed. Didor. i. p. 46.—He appointed him governor of some part of the country. Vatable.

Verse 19. Full. Septuagint “elder sister of his wife Thekemina.” Bible.

Verse 23. Razon. He must have been now about 94 years old; unless this was the son of Aderezer’s general. Salien. Menochius.

Verse 24. Robbers, or (Hebrew and Sept.) “a band” with whom he made depredations. Bible.—Damascus, with David’s consent, on their admitting a garrison, (2 Kennicott. 8:6,) and consenting to pay tribute; ( Menochius.) or Razon might make himself master of this place, only after the apostacy of Solomon. His successors became very formidable to the Jews, particularly Razin, (4 Kennicott. 15 and 16) who was slain by Theglathphalassar. Ib. 5:9. Calmet.

Verse 25. Solomon, after he once began. Bible.—Adad. Hebrew “and with the evil of Adad, and he detested Israel.” Menochius.—Razon and Adad conspired to attack Solomon. Bible.—Adad may be the common name of the kings of Damascus. Some copies of the Septuagint do not speak of Razon, but continue the history of Adad, verse 14. They also read Edom here instead of Aram, or Syria, which would remove the confusion. Calmet.—Adad, Razon, and Jeroboam always oppugn Solomon after his fall; and signify the flesh, the world, and the devil. Worthington.

Verse 26. King, attempting to draw the people into rebellion, as he perceived that they were discontent with the buildings at Mello. He had a command over them; and though he was, for the present, obliged to save himself by flight, he had sown the seeds of rebellion by his discourses, in such a manner, that the imprudent answer of Roboam ( Calmet.) easily brought them to maturity. Bible.

Verse 28. Joseph, Ephraim and Manasses. Menochius.—He was of the former tribe. Salien.—At first Solomon employed none of the Israelites to work. Calmet. 9:22. But he afterwards oppressed them grievously. The king’s right was to make his subjects cultivate his lands, &chapter 1 Kennicott. 7:11. They did not pay money, (Matthew 17:24,) but wrought for the king. Hebrew “he made him ruler over all the charge,” (or levy.) Bible.—The Vulg. often uses the word tribute ( Calmet.) for sebel. Josephus believes that Jeroboam had the command over the forces of the house of Joseph: but he had rather the superintendency over the workmen. Bible.

Verse 29. Garment. Salma occurs 16 times in this sense, and simlee 27. The latter, we may presume, is the true reading, as it is in the Sam. Pentateuch invariably; Exodus 22:26, 27, both words are printed in the Hebrew Bible. But it is not probable that Moses should have written them so; no more than a Latin author would use both vestinentum and vestimentum. Shamal, in Arabic, signifies “he clothed himself all over.” Kennicott.—Way leading to Ephraim, ( Menochius.) his department. Calmet.—Field. Septuagint “he drew him aside out of the road: and Ahias had on a new cloak, and both were in the field.” Bible.—Jeroboam would not probably go unattended; ( Menochius.) and it seems this transaction soon transpired, and came to the ears of Solomon. Bible.

Verse 30. Parts. He speaks by his actions, ( Menochius.) thus foretelling what should happen, as was customary with the prophets. Osee 1:2. Jeremiah 27:2. Ezekiel 12:7. Acts 21:11. Calmet.—This tended to make a deeper impression on the mind, ( Bible.) and convince all, that what was spoken, was not in jest. Worthington.

Verse 34. Make, or permit him to reign. Menochius.

Verse 36. A lamp. Posterity, (2 Kennicott. 21:17) power, and glory. 4 Kennicott. 8:19.

Verse 37. Desireth. It seems he was already disposed to revolt. Calmet.

Verse 38. Faithful house, which shall not be destroyed, nor lose the kingdom, for a long time. Jeroboam never complied with the condition. Calmet.

Verse 39. For this infidelity of Solomon, ( H). afflict, by raising up a rival. Menochius.—For ever. Notwithstanding the wickedness of many of its princes, this family was to subsist, in a distinguished rank, till the coming of the Messias; that the completion of the promises might be more observable. Calmet.—After 250 years, the throne of Israel was subverted. Menochius.

Verse 40. Therefore, being apprized of what had passed, as well as to prevent the farther attempts of Jeroboam. Bible.—Sesac. He is the first, whose proper name is given in Scripture. Whether he was of the same family, as the Pharao, whose daughter Solomon had married, cannot be ascertained. Marsham makes Sesac the same with the renowned Sesostris, the Sethosis of Manetho. But Usher thinks that Sesostris reigned immediately after the Israelites left Egypt; while Pezron, and so forth suppose that Amenoplis, who was drowned, was even his grandson. Calmet.

Verse 41. Words, or transactions. Bible.—Book. This book is lost, with divers others mentioned in holy writ. Challoner.—Nathan, Ahias, and Addo, composed these journals. 2 Chronicles 9:29. Bible.—Similar works were kept at the courts of Persia and of Babylon. Esther 6:1. 1 Ezra 6:2. Plutarch quotes the journal of Alexander; and Tacitus (An. iii.) informs us, that the smallest occurrences were specified in journals, at Rome, while things of greater importance were recorded in the annals. The books of days, are cited in the Paral. so that we cannot suppose that these journals are the same with that work. Calmet.—God was pleased that those writings should not come down to us; so that we can only speak from conjecture of the repentance of Solomon. Salien, A. 3058.

Verse 42. Forty. Josephus says eighty; and some suppose, that the Scripture only specifies the years during which Solomon reigned virtuously. Pezron is the same opinion as Josephus. Bible.—Others contend that it is a manifest mistake. Immoderate pleasures hastened his old age and death, when he was about fifty-eight years old. All in him was great, whether we consider the virtues of his early days, or the vices of his old age. He falls from heaven into the abyss. His repentance is a problem. Calmet.

Verse 43. Solomon slept, and so forth That is, died. He was then about fifty-eight years of age, having reigned forty years. Challoner.—S. Chrysostom, at different times, seems to have entertained opposite opinions on this head, ( Bible.) which has been a matter of controversy among the Fathers, as it is at present with us. We ought to adore and imitate, with trembling, the silence of Scripture. Calmet.—Septuagint seem favourable to Solomon: (Proverbs 24:32.) “At last I did penance, and looked forward, to embrace discipline.” Bible.—But the Hebrew Chal. and Vulg. have nothing similar. Calmet.—Some think that the Book of Proverbs, as well as that of Ecclesiastes, was composed by him after his repentance; and that he expresses his sentiments of affliction and self-condemnation, (Proverbs 30:2) and his opinion of all earthly gratifications. Eccles. 1:2. and so forth Bible.—Yet this dreadful uncertainty may serve to keep us all in humble fear, and teach us to work out our salvation with trembling. Calmet.—If Solomon really repented, ( Bible.) he might not have time or power to remove all the vestiges, and the very foundations of the idolatrous temples, which Ezechias also neglected in ruins, as no longer dangerous, and as so many monuments of the folly of Solomon. But Josias caused them to be entirely removed. 4 Kennicott. 22:13. Salien, A. 3059. The daughter of Pharao would probably imitate her beloved husband. Pineda.—Sadoc seems to have departed this life about the same time with Solomon; as his son Achimaas, who had married Basemath, the king’s daughter, succeeded him in the pontificate, at the commencement of Roboam’s reign. Chron. Min. Hebrew Salien.