Leviticus 19

Verse 3. Sabbaths. Both those which occur every week, and extraordinary ones, verse 30.

Verse 4. Idols. Hebrew “vain things.” Calmet.—Molten, or any other sort of workmanship. Menochius.

Verse 7. Profane. Hebrew “it shall be defiled.” Septuagint “improper for sacrifice.” Aquila, “It shall be rejected.” Calmet.—So that the person who had offered it, shall become more guilty. Menochius.

Verse 9. Ground. Hebrew and Septuagint “the extremity of thy field.” The Rabbins say, a sixtieth part of all the products of the earth, was to be left for the poor. Seld. Jur. vi. 6. Thus God teaches his people to exercise themselves in the acts of mercy. D.

Verse 10. Strangers. Septuagint and Syr. “proselytes,” who might dwell in the country. As the soil did not belong to them, great compassion was requisite: otherwise they must have perished, or become slaves.—Lord; the sole proprietor. Calmet.

Verse 11. Lie. “When no injury is done to another, it is a great question whether a lie can ever be justified. The case would perhaps be easily decided, if we considered the commandments alone, and not the examples,” of those holy men who seem to have sometimes thought it lawful. Saint Augustine q. 68. But is it not better to allow that these were under an inculpable mistake, than to defend one fault, because it is not attended with the guilt of another, by hurting others? Even lies of jest and of excuse, are contrary to the gravity and open-dealing of a Christian; and God never speaks of lying without marks of disapprobation. Bible.—Hebrew “you shall not deny, or refuse” to restore, what has been entrusted to you; (Grotius) “nor deal falsely, or extenuate yourselves,” pretending that you cannot give alms. Oleaster.

Verse 12. Profane. No greater indignity can be offered to God, than to solicit Him, as it were, to assist us in doing evil, by attesting falsehood. Philo.

LORD or GOD in all caps is from the Hebrew יהוה Yahweh except when otherwise noted as being from the short form יה Yah.

Verse 13. Morning. Pay what is due to the labourer, immediately, if he desire it. Bible.—It was customary among the Jews to pay their workmen in the evening. Matthew 20:8.

Verse 14. Deaf. The word Kophos, used by the Septuagint means also the dumb, as these defects are generally found in the same person. Nothing can be more base, than to attack those who are unable to defend themselves. Solon forbids anyone “to speak ill of the dead,” though he may receive an injury from his children. Those who undermine and ruin the reputation of the absent, are no less to be condemned.

Verse 16. Detracter, whisperer. Hebrew rakil, stands for both these terms. Some translate a parasite, a merchant, vilifying the goods of others to enhance the price of his own; or a spy, seeking to discover and laugh at others’ faults.—Neighbour; accusing him wrongfully, to the danger of his life; or lying in wait for him like an assassin. But strive rather to rescue those who are attacked. Those who neglect this duty, are responsible for the consequences, according to the Jews, (Seld. Jur. iv. 3,) and the laws of the Egyptians. Diodor. 1.

literally, “blood”

Verse 17. Openly, is not in the Hebrew or other versions. Instead of bearing malice at the heart, we are authorized to demand our right in a legal manner, or to correct in a fraternal matter, the person who may have injured us, lest we incur sin for our neglect, and the offender continue impenitent. Jesus Christ instructs us to do this with as little disturbance as possible. Matthew 18:15. Yet public sins must undergo a public correction. 1 Timothy 5:20. Saint Augustine ser. 82. Love should regulate our complaints. Id. q. 70.

Verse 18. Revenge, by private authority, or out of passion, which the pagans themselves acknowledged was more becoming a brute than a man, feræ est. Muson. Sen. de ira ii. 32.—Citizens. Hebrew “observe or lie not in wait.” Septuagint “act not with fury against the son of thy people.” Calmet.—Hebrew notor, means to upbraid when doing a kindness.—Thy friend. Hebrew rehaka, may denote thy neighbour, or any one with whom we have any thing to do. Thus God orders us to love strangers as ourselves, (verse 34,) and to help our enemy. Exodus 23:4. The false insinuations of the Jews are fully exploded by Jesus Christ. Matthew 22:39. We must love the offender, but detest the offence. Saint Augustine c. Faust. xix. 24. If God required his people to exterminate the Chanaanites, he did not authorized them to entertain any personal animosity against their persons, but they were to act as ministers of his justice. “O Lord, (said Philo very justly) we do not rejoice at the misfortune of our enemy, (Flaccus) having learnt from thy holy laws to compassionate the distress of others. But we thank thee for … delivering us from our afflictions.” Calmet.

Verse 19. Kind. Mules were therefore either brought from other countries, (3 Kennicott. 10:28,) or they were produced by some of the same species, as, good authors assert, is frequently the case in Syria, Cappadocia, and so forth Plin. viii. 44. Pineda. Tirinus.—Spencer (Leg. ii. 20,) says, without any proof, that this law had a reference to the impure conjunctions of animals, in honour of Venus and of Priapus.—Different seeds, and so forth This law tends to recommend simplicity and plain-dealing in all things; and to teach the people not to join any false worship or heresy with the worship of the true God. Challoner.—Draw not the yoke with infidels. 2 Corinthians 6. Theod. q. 27. These different colours were not in themselves evil, since they were used in the priests’ vestments. They insinuate, that we must avoid schisms. Worthington.—The sowing of different seeds tends to impoverish the soil. Plin. xviii. 10. The Egyptians sowed various seeds on a board, covered with fine mould; and, observing which sort was destroyed by the heat of the sun in the dog-days, superstitiously refrained, that year, from sowing any of it, lest it should produce no crop. Palladius.—Sorts. The Rabbins say of linen and wool, as Deuteronomy 22:11. They allow other sorts. Josephus (iv. 8,) supposes, that garments of the former description were thus reserved for the priests alone. The Flamen, among the Romans, could not wear a woollen garment sewed with thread, without committing a sin; piaculum erat, says Servius. These precepts were to be literally observed, though they concealed a moral instruction of the greatest consequence, importing that all unnatural intercourse was to be avoided. Pythagoras conveyed his instructions under similar enigmatical expressions, saying, “we must not stir up the fire with a sword,” as Solomon does likewise. Proverbs 30:15. Eccles. 12:3. 6. Calmet.

Verse 20. Marriageable. Hebrew “promised, or given in marriage.” Septuagint “reserved for another … she shall,” and so forth Onkelos and the Arabic version suppose also, that the woman alone was to be scourged with leather thongs; a punishment to which the Samaritan copy condemns only the man. The Rabbins agree with the Septuagint Others translate, “there shall be an enquiry made, or they shall be set free, and shall not die.”

Verse 22. Pray. Hebrew and Septuagint “shall atone for him with the ram of the sin-offering, before the Lord, for his sin.”

Verse 23. The first-fruits. Præputia, literally their fore-skins: it alludes to circumcision, and signifies that for the first three years the trees were to be as uncircumcised, and their fruit unclean; till the fourth year their increase was sanctified and given to the Lord, that is, to the priests. Challoner.—In some countries, people take off the buds to strengthen the tree. Calmet.—The fruit, during the three first years, is not esteemed so good or wholesome; and therefore, it could not with propriety be presented to God. Philo de Creatione.—Unclean. Hebrew “three years shall it be as uncircumcised unto you; it shall not be eaten.” Bible.

literally, “uncircumcised”

Verse 24. Lord. It was to be brought to the holy city, and offered with the other tithes, out of which a feast was made for the poor, and so forth Joseph. iv. 8. Besides the first-fruits for the priests, and the tithes for the Levites, out of which they again paid tithes to the priests, there was an annual tithe prescribed, (Deuteronomy 12:12,) to supply a feast for the indigent, and so forth at Jerusalem, along with this fruit; and another, every third year, designed for the poor alone (Deuteronomy 14:28,) at the place of each one’s abode. Tirinus.

Verse 26. Blood. The flesh of any animal. The blood must belong to God. The members of the Sanhedrim eat nothing on the day that a criminal is executed, supposing that this is the meaning of the precept. The Septuagint read erim, “on the mountains;” and another version has, “on the roof,” as if the worship of idols on high places were forbidden. Bible.—Divine. Perhaps by means of “serpents,” or “plates of brass,” as the Hebrew ness, may insinuate. These methods were known to the ancients. Horace, Ode iii. 37. Plin. xxx. 2. Calmet.—Dreams. Hebrew times. See Galatians 4:10. Bible.

Verse 27. Cut your hair, and so forth This, and other such like things, of themselves indifferent, were forbidden by God, that they might not imitate the Egyptians or other infidels, who practised these things out of superstition, in honour of their false deities. Challoner.—The pagans consecrated locks of hair, and their beard, when it was first cut, to Apollo, the river gods, the hours, Esculapius, and so forth Some, at Rome, hung the hair on a tree. Tirinus.—The Arabians and Macæ left only a tuft of hair at the top of their head, in imitation of Bacchus. Herod. iii. 8. iv. 175. This tuft is called sisoe by the Septuagint who seem to have alluded to the Hebrew term tsitsith. See Ezekiel 8:3. The ancient scholiast says, this was left in honour of Saturn. It resembles a crown. The same custom was observed by the Syrians, (Lucian) Idumeans, and so forth Jeremiah 9:25.—Beard. Hebrew “the angle, or extremity of your beard.” These regulations would seem beneath the attention of a lawgiver. But they were made in opposition to some profane customs of the surrounding nations. The Jews still observe this direction, and leave the beard from the ear to the chin, (where they let it grow pretty long) and also two mustaches, or whiskers, on the top lip. The Egyptian mummies have only the beard on the chin. The eyebrows and other hair of the gods and inhabitants of Egypt, were entirely cut off. In mourning the chin was also shaved. God forbids his people to imitate them. Calmet.—But heretics need not hence infer, that the tonsure of priests and monks is reprehensible. Randulph.—Superstition and affected delicacy in curling, and so forth are to be avoided. Tirinus.

Verse 28. Dead. Adonis or Osiris; as if you were mourning for them, in which sense the former verse may be explained. At funerals it was customary to cut off the hair. Achilles and his soldiers did so at the death of Patroclus. Homer.—The Persians also cut the manes of their horses, to shew their grief for the loss of Masistius, (Herod. ix. 24,) as Alexander did when Hephæstion died. Plutarch.—The Egyptians, Assyrians, and so forth cut their hair on the like occasions, and the Hebrews did so too; whether they neglected this law, or it was rather designed only to hinder them from joining in a superstitious lamentation for some idol. They also cut their bodies, Genesis 50. Jeremiah 41:5. The pagans did so, intending thereby to appease the anger of the infernal deities: ut sanguine … inferis satisfaciant, (Varro, Servius): or to please the deceased. Plutarch, de consol. Thus Virgil represents Anna, Æn. iv.: Unguibus ora soror fædans & pectora pugnis. The Roman and Athenian laws restrained this cruelty of women towards themselves. But in Persia, the children and servants of great men still make an incision upon their arms, when their father or master dies. The women in Greece also observe a solemn mourning, with loud lamentations, tearing their cheeks and hair, and reciting the memorable actions of the deceased. The Christians and Jews of Syria inflict still more serious wounds upon themselves. The latter have always esteemed it lawful to adopt the customs of the nations with whom they lived, provided they were not attended with superstition; which makes us conclude, that what Moses here forbids was done in honour of some idol.—Marks, made with a hot iron, representing false gods, as if to declare that they would serve them forever. Philo.—The Assyrians had generally such characters upon their bodies. Philopator ordered the converts from the Jewish religion to be marked with ivy, in honour of Bacchus. 3 Macc. Theodoret (q. 18) mentions, that the pagans were accustomed to cut their cheeks, and to prick themselves with needles, infusing some black matter, out of respect for the dead, and for demons. Allusion is made to these customs, Revelation 13:16, and Isaiah 49:15. Christians have sometimes marked their arms with the cross, or name of Jesus. Procop. in Isai. xliv. 5. Calmet.—As S. Jane Frances de Chantal did her breast. Brev. Aug. 21. Nomen pectori insculpsit. Saint Paul says, I bear the marks of the Lord Jesus in my body. Galatians 6:17. The Church historians relate, that S. Francis and S. Catharine received miraculously the prints of his wounds. Bible.

Verse 29. Strumpet, which was done formerly in the honour of idols. “They gave to Venus the prostitution of their daughters.” Saint Augustine de Calmet. xviii. 5. “In Cyprus they lead the unmarried women to the sea-shore, in order to acquire a dowry by these means on certain stated days, as a libation to Venus.” Justin.—Such things were common in the East. See Lucian de dea Syr. Strabo xvi.—Joel (3:3,) reproaches the Jews with prostituting their sons and daughters for bread; for there were also effeminate men among them. 3 Kennicott. 14:24. 4 Kennicott. 23:7. See Bar. ult. 42. Ose. 4:14. Calmet.

Verse 31. Wizards. Hebrew oboth, denotes familiar spirits, (1 Kennicott. 8:7,) which gave answers from the belly or breast, as from a bottle; whence such wizards are called by the Greeks, engastrimuthoi; and by Sophocles, sternomanteis. Calmet.—Soothsayers, are properly those who will judge what will happen by inspecting victims. Menochius.—Hebrew yiddehonim, means connoisseurs, intelligent people, gnostics, or those who pretend that they can penetrate the secrets naturally impenetrable to the mind of man. Septuagint epaoidoi, “enchanters,” who undertake to keep off all misfortunes. “Surely, (says Pliny, xxx. 1,) to learn this art, (of magic) Pythagoras … and Plato undertook long voyages by sea, or rather went into banishment. This they extolled at their return; this they kept as a secret. Hanc in arcanis habuere.”

Verse 32. Aged man. Such are supposed to be possessed of wisdom and experience. The Egyptians and Lacedemonians rose up out of respect to an old man. Herod. ii. 80. The Rabbins pretend that a person ought to rise up when the old man is four cubits distant, provided he be, as he ought, a man of wisdom; for otherwise he is entitled to no honour. But this would be making inferior judges of their merit. The Chaldee, Philo, and so forth comprise those “learned in the law,” under the name of old men.

Verse 35. Rule; Hebrew “taking dimensions” with a yard, tape, and so forth

Verse 36. Weights. Hebrew “stones of justice,” for stone weights were formerly used. Proverbs 16:11.—Bushel, and so forth Hebrew “a just epha, and a just hin.” Calmet.

1 ephah is about 22 liters or about 2/3 of a bushel

A hin is about 6.5 liters or 1.7 gallons.