Historical chapter commentary
Verse 2. Seasons. These precepts had often been repeated already: but perhaps they had not been exactly observed in the desert, so that Moses indicates them once more, as if to remind the people that they will now have no excuse, if they neglect these sacrifices in the promised land. Calmet.—These frequent repetitions may also remind us, with what attention we ought to worship God. D.
Verse 3. Lambs. Kids would not suffice. See Exodus 29:38. The lambs must not be above a year old. But it is not clear whether they could be offered eight days after their birth, as on other occasions. Exodus 23:19. Calmet.
Verse 6. Sinai. Hence it seems to have been discontinued for 38 years. Calmet. Leviticus 9:17. Menochius.
Verse 7. In the. Hebrew “in the holy thou shalt cause the shecar to be poured out unto the Lord, a drink-offering.” See Calmet. 4:8, on the meaning of shecar. Bible.—Some believe, that artificial wine of palm-trees, and so forth, might serve for libations. In this sacrifice, the priests furnished the liquor; so that all was to be poured out on the altar of holocausts, which stood in the court. Calmet.
Verse 10. Which, and so forth Hebrew “the burnt-offering of every sabbath, besides the perpetual holocaust and its libations,” which were due for every day. Bible.—On the sabbath, two more were to be offered of the same age. Jansenius observes, that three belonged to the morning service, and one to that of the evening. Menochius. Calmet.
Verse 11. Month. This is not reckoned among the festivals. Leviticus 23. The Rabbins look upon it as a day of devotion, particularly for women. Buxtorf. Syn. xvii. Spencer (Rit. iii. 1,) maintains, that the Hebrews began their month when the moon first appeared, and that they imitated the pagans in keeping that day holy. But his proofs on both heads are very unsatisfactory. The Hebrews followed the solar year for many ages after Moses, though they might have adopted the lunar towards the close of the republic; and the pagans themselves ridiculed those as vile imitators of the Jews, who kept the new moons as a festival. Hor. Sat. i. 9. Sabbata Vin tu Curtis Judæis oppedere.—The Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Arabs, and Turks, have given in to various superstitious practices in honour of the moon. See Macrob. Sat. i. 15, and so forth Calmet.—The devil is commonly the ape of God, and teaches his votaries to adopt the ceremonies of the true religion, either to delude them more easily, or to bring those practices into discredit. Thus Middleton has endeavoured to shew the conformity of Pagan and Papal Rome, as if the ceremonies of the Catholic religion were to be rejected because some of them have been in use among the heathens. By the same argument he may ridicule the revelation of God himself, on this subject, and represent vestments, holy water, and so forth as superstitious. He may pull down altars, condemn all forms of prayer, abolish all worship, both of soul and body. For such things have all been prostituted to idols! But those who are not totally infatuated by prejudice, will deplore the abuse of these things, and will not refrain from adoring the true God according to his will, with all the faculties both of their soul and body, on account of the devil and his false prophets having extorted similar acts of worship from their followers. It is no wonder that Protestants should ridicule our holy ceremonies, since they scruple not to assign so base an origin to those which God expressly prescribed. Bible.—The sacrifices which were ordered to be offered up on the first day of the month, were probably designed to renew the memory of the world’s creation, or rather of the Divine providence, which regulates the seasons. Nothing was sold on this day. Amos 8:5. But people went to hear the prophets, (4 Kennicott. 4:23,) and feasted among themselves, 1 Kennicott. 20:18. It is thought that many rested also from servile work, though this is no where commanded. Calmet.—Tirin agrees with Tostat and Sanctius, in supposing that servile work was prohibited, for which he refers to 1 Kennicott. 20:19. He also asserts that the Jews observed the lunar system, and that their months consisted of 29 and 30 days alternately, as 29 days and a half elapse from one moon to another. The sound of trumpets probably announced this solemnity. Calmet. 10:10. Leviticus 23.
Verse 13. Tenth. An assaron, gomer, or chomer, which is the tenth part of an epha, as that is the tenth of a core or chomer, which is the largest Hebrew dry measure, containing 32 pecks and one pint English; so that the gomer would be equivalent to five pints. Bible.—This quantity of flour accompanied each holocaust at the beginning of every month. Calmet.
Verse 15. Above. This is the import of the Hebrew and so forth: for no libations accompanied the sin-offerings, nor incense. See Calmet. 15:3. Leviticus 5:12. Menochius.
Verse 16. Phase, or Passover, the most solemn of all the festivals, when the lamb was to be eaten on the 15th of Nisan, and during the eight days no leavened bread was allowed. The Jews searched all the corners of their houses, lest some might be concealed by mice, and they would not so much as name it. Saint Paul exhorts us to do the like, in a spiritual sense, by purifying ourselves from every defilement of sin when we receive the blessed sacrament, and by not even mentioning sins of impurity. 1 Corinthians 5:7. Ephes. 5:3. Bible.
Verse 23. Offer, as well as that in the evening, which was in less danger of being forgotten.
Verse 24. Fire. Hebrew “food of the sacrifice made by fire.”—Rise. Hebrew “it shall be offered besides the perpetual holocaust, and its libations,” morning and evening. All the aforesaid sacrifices and libations were to be repeated on each of the seven days, verse 19. 22.
Verse 26. The day of Pentecost, seven weeks after the Passover, was the next in solemnity, to thank God for the wheat harvest, of which the first-fruits were now presented. Bible.—Two loaves, made with leaven, were given to the priests. Lamy. See Leviticus 23:17.
Verse 27. Two calves. Only one is specified in Leviticus, being that designed for the morning; another was immolated at night. Calmet.—The same victims are prescribed as verse 19. Menochius.
1 ephah is about 22 liters or about 2/3 of a bushel
A hin is about 6.5 liters or 1.7 gallons.
One hin is about 6.5 liters, so 1/4 hin is about 1.6 liters or 1.7 quarts.
1 ephah is about 22 liters or about 2/3 of a bushel
1 ephah is about 22 liters or about 2/3 of a bushel