Historical chapter commentary
Verse 1. Midst. The obstinate Jews shall be destroyed. They became their own enemies. Calmet.—The Zealots committed the greatest excesses during the siege. Jos. Bel. verse 1.—Tacitus also refers to these transactions, having written thirty volumes on the Cæsars, from Augustus to Domitian’s death.” Saint Jerome
Verse 2. I will gather, and so forth This seems to be a prophecy of what was done by Antiochus, ( Challoner.) or of the last siege, ( Worthington.) by the Romans. Saint Jerome Theod. Eus. Dem. vi. 18. Calmet.—Vespasian collected numerous forces. Jos. Bel. iii. 1.—Titus had six legions and many auxiliaries, Arabs, and so forth Tacit. Hist. v.—Various nations composed their army. Worthington.—Rifled, or demolished. None was left standing. Jos. B. vii. 6. Heges. verse 49.—S. Jerom and others think that the city on Sion was spared, ( Calmet.) and 40,000 were permitted to dwell where they had a mind. Jos. B. vii. 15.—But it is not said that they continued at Jerusalem. Half the Jews therefore perished, and those who maintained the siege found a grave in the city. Theod.—Half only denotes a considerable part, as verse 8. Those who followed our Saviour’s admonition, retired before, and were safe ( Calmet.) at Pella. Calmet. 10:11. Septuagint “the rest of my people shall not be destroyed out of the city.”
Verse 3. Shall. Septuagint “will stand in battle array among,” and so forth (παραταξεται εν) though he will one day punish the victorious Romans. Bible.—Now he fought with them as Hebrew may signify. Calmet.—Various prodigies made this clear: (Jos. B. vii. 12. 16.) so that Titus would not receive the crown which was presented to him, as he looked upon himself only as the instrument employed by divine justice. Philost. vi. 14.—This sense is given by Saint Cyril and so forth Calmet.—In the days of Epiphanes, God defeated his projects. Bible.
Verse 4. Olives. Here the tenth legion was stationed, (Jos. B. vi. 3.) on the spot where Christ had denounced this judgment, and ascended into heaven. Lu. 19:41. Acts 1:12.—South. We cannot shew the literal accomplishment. If it regard the latter times, this must be hidden. But it suffices that some great earthquake should take place, according to most interpreters; or rather, ( Calmet.) the Romans removed vast quantities of earth and stone. Jos. B. vi. 12. Grot.—Olivet has three tops; the southern one is the lowest. But whether this was caused by an earthquake we know not. The rocks are said to split, and so forth when God displays his power and affords some miraculous assistance. Psalms 17:8. Isaiah 24:8. Habakkuk 3:10.
Verse 5. Flee. Whle the siege was forming many escaped, according to Josephus. Hebrew Septuagint and so forth “The vale of my mountain shall be filled up, for,” and so forth Calmet.—Yet Prot. agree with us. Bible.—Those should be “my.” Ribera. Menochius.—The next. Prot. and Septuagint “reach unto Azal.” Bible.—You shall. Septuagint and so forth “and it shall be filled, as it was filled at the earthquake,” and so forth Calmet.—The Romans had to raise many works in the vale of Cedron, so that the trees all round were cut down, and the garden walls removed thither. Jos. B. vi. 4. 14.—Ozias, when he attempted to offer incense. Jos. Ant. ix. 11. Amos 1:1 and 4 Kennicott. 15:15.—Yet the earthquake is not specified in the sacred historical books. Worthington.—On that occasion, the people retired into the vale formed by the separation of Olivet; or, if we follow the Septuagint part of that mountain fell into the valley of Cedron, which we find nowhere else specified. Calmet.—With him. Prot. “thee.” Bible.—God is attended by his angels; though the Romans may be called his saints, or people destined to execute his decrees in this war. Isaiah 13:3. Zephaniah 1:7. Deuteronomy 33:3. Joel 3:1. Calmet.
Verse 6. No light; that is in that dismal time of the persecution of Antiochus, when it was neither day nor night, (verse 7) because they neither had the comfortable light of the day, nor the repose of the night. Challoner.—Darkness denotes distress. The citizens shall be in despair. Matthew 24:29. Ezekiel 22:8. Joel 2:2. Revelation 11:2. Hebrew seems to be corrupt: “no precious light, but thick,” or a cloud. Calmet.
Verse 7. In the time of the evening there shall be light. An unexpected light shall arise by the means of the Machabees, when things shall seem to be at the worst. Challoner.—At one period of the last siege, it was dubious what would be the event, particularly ( Calmet.) when Titus was separated from almost all his attendants, and when the besieged burned the works of the enemy. Jos. B. vi. 2. and 12.
Verse 8. Living waters; that is the gospel of Christ. Challoner.—Last: Mediterranean. Bible.—The prophet now turns to the figurative Jerusalem. The earthly city was not well supplied with water. Calmet.—It was in the most dry and barren part of the country. Saint Jerome in Is. xlix.—As much as the Mediterranean excels the Dead Sea, so much do the Gentiles surpass the Jewish converts in numbers. See Calmet. 13:1. Calmet.—The true faith is Catholic in all places, and at all times. Worthington.
Verse 9. One Lord. The apostles justly gave this title to Christ. John 13:14. He is possessed of all power. Matthew 28:18. Philippians 2:10. Pastors are all subject to him. Calmet.—The Pope styles himself, “servant of the servants of God,” since Saint Gregory’s time. Bible.
Verse 10. Return. This in some measure was verified by means of the Machabees; but is rather to be taken in a spiritual sense, as relating to the propagation of the Church and kingdom of Christ, the true Jerusalem, which alone shall never fall under the anathema of destruction, or God’s curse. Challoner.—The limits of Jerusalem were never so extensive.—Hill, or Gabaa to Remmon,” or the pomegranate. The situation is not ascertained.
Verse 11. Anathema. It shall not be sentenced to utter ruin. The Church may suffer losses, but cannot perish. Calmet.
Verse 12. Consume. Such judgments as these have often fallen upon the persecutors of God’s Church, as appears by many instances in history. Challoner.—This has partly been verified in persecuting emperors, (Saint Jerome) and in others, and will befall the wicked when the day of judgment shall draw near. Worthington.—Herod, who made war on Christ, and Agrippa, who attacked his Church, ( Calmet.) were both devoured by worms. Jos. Ant. xvii. 9. and xix. 7. Acts 12:13.—Nero slew himself; Maximian was eaten to death by an inward ulcer; and his colleague’s (Maximinus) eyes fell from his head. Eus. in Constant. i. 57. and 59.—It would seem as if Zacharias beheld them. He may also speak of the attempts of God, and of Epiphanes. Calmet. 2:8 and 12:9.
Verse 13. Them. The Church shall be alarmed at these wars, seeing enemies on all sides. But those days shall be shortened. Matthew 24:21.—Hand. Christians shall assist each other; or rather the nearest relations will persecute them. Matthew 10:21. 36. Calmet.
Verse 14. Even Juda, and so forth The carnal Jews, and other false brothers, shall join in persecuting the Church. Challoner.—The Jews shewed themselves the most virulent. 2 Corinthians 11:24. Acts 8. and so forth They insisted on the death of S. Polycarp.—Riches. Converts shewed their generosity so much, ( Calmet.) that Julian and Felix, apostates, complained of this profusion in sacred vessels. Theod. Hist. ii. 11. 12.
Verse 15. Shall be like this destruction. That is, the beasts shall be destroyed as well as the men; the common soldiers as well as their leaders. Challoner.—History does not specify the death of cattle, ( Calmet.) though in plagues this would inevitably follow; and the pagans complained that they were become more common since the propagation of the gospel. Bible.—The reverses which the troops of Dioclesian, and so forth sustained, were to punish their enmity to religion. Calmet.
Verse 16. Left. That is, many of them that persecuted the Church shall be converted to its faith and communion, ( Challoner.) particularly after Constantine. Calmet.—Tabernacles. This feast was kept by the Jews, in memory of their sojourning forty years in the desert, in their way to the land of promise. And in the spiritual sense, is duly kept by all such Christians as in their earthly pilgrimage are continually advancing towards their true home, the heavenly Jerusalem, by the help of the sacraments and sacrifice of the Church. And they that neglect this, must not look for the kind showers of divine grace to give fruitfulness to their souls. Challoner.—Out of the Church there is no salvation. Calmet.—Other things may be obtained. S. Cyp. Bible.—The converts shall celebrate the Christian festivals, and merit great rewards, while infidels shall remain barren and devoid of eternal happiness. Worthington.—We have no solemnity of tabernacles; but Gentiles keep the Epiphany in thanksgiving for their vocation to God’s admirable light. 1 Pet 2:9. Calmet.
Verse 17. There. Septuagint “these shall also be added to them” who perish. Bible.
Verse 19. Sin, or punishment. Formerly various nations were excluded from the religion or assemblies of Israel. Leviticus 22:25. Deuteronomy 23:1. Now all are invited and compelled to enter the Church, so that they can have no excuse. Lu. 14:24. Calmet.—Those rejected by the Jews might still have true faith. Bible.
Verse 20. Bridle. The golden ornaments of the bridle, and so forth shall be turned into offerings in the house of God. And there shall be an abundance of cauldrons and phials for the sacrifices of the temple; by which is meant, under a figure, the great resort there shall be to the temple, that is, to the Church of Christ, and her sacrifice. Challoner.—It is of a different nature, being the body and blood of Christ. But it shall not be confined to one place, nor the priesthood to one family. verse 21. Hebrew “they shall inscribe on the stables, Holy,” and so forth The most filthy places shall be purified and changed into temples; or, “what is upon the little bells for horses shall be sanctified;” or, on these “bells shall be inscribed, sacred to the Lord.” Calmet.—Metsilloth may signify a bell or bridle, and so forth Bible.—The bits were often of gold. Æn. vii. and viii. Calmet.—S. Jerom’s master said the word should be motsiluth, “trappings” and armour. Bible.
Verse 21. Merchant; or, as some render it, the Chanaanite shall be no more, and so forth that is, the profane and unbelievers shall have no title to be in the house of the Lord; or, there shall be no occasion for buyers or sellers of oxen, or sheep, or doves, in the house of God, such as Jesus Christ cast out of the temple. Challoner. John 2:16.—All former distinction of Jew and Gentile shall cease in the Church. Past faults shall be forgotten. Calmet.
MALACHIAS
THE PROPHECY OF MALACHIAS
Septuagint reads “him” instead of “you”.
or, merchant